Burnout and its relationship to empathy in nursing: a review of the literature

Hunt, Patricia A.; Denieffe, Suzanne; Gooney, Martina

doi:10.1177/1744987116678902

Cited by 71 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…As a form of emotional labour, empathy is contingent upon personal and environmental resources accessible to the nurse (Wiseman, 2007). It is exhaustible and if unregulated leads to distress and burnout (Hunt, Denieffe, & Gooney, 2017;Lopez-Perez, Ambrona, Gregory, Stocks, & Ocega, 2013).…”

Section: Zaidman-zait and Hertzman 2012)mentioning

confidence: 99%

In their shoes: An ontological perspective on empathy in nursing practice

McKinnon

2018

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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Aims and objectives To present an enquiry into empathy as part of nursing ontology. The work aims to improve understanding of how empathy is developed and used in practice. Background Empathy is the ability to grasp the frame of reference of another. As such, empathy is a key feature of nursing practice involving self‐awareness and the use of emotion in interpersonal understanding. Method As part of a larger study into the commonality of emotion in nursing, thirty‐three nurses across a range of settings talked exhaustively about their experiences with empathy in the context of their relationships with service users. The interviews were audio‐taped and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analysed using Grounded Theory Method. Results Empathy was experienced as a libidinal entity motivating care dependent on a number of allied skills which formed a process: listening and echoing, knowing another's circumstances, imagining and representing the imagined perception within the self. Empathy was viewed as a tool for person‐centred care with two distinct levels: phenomena related and biography related. Sensitivity to care context in the use of nurses’ life experience also enabled empathy in an emotional kinship. Person‐centred care and empowerment were inhibited where empathy could not be achieved. Discussion The findings confirm the place of empathy in the hierarchy of embodied nursing skills and add to the current bank of knowledge on the sharing of emotions and the value of emotion to professional judgement. Conclusion Empathy is a tool with which to ascertain the cognitive and emotional perspective of others. Empathy's libidinal properties mean that shared understanding enhances care. Emotional kinship means that life experience can be harnessed for empathy in practice. Relevance to clinical practice Insight into the ontology of empathy provides a basis for the construction of teaching tools and learning objects for character and skill development in practice.

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Section: Zaidman-zait and Hertzman 2012)mentioning

confidence: 99%

In their shoes: An ontological perspective on empathy in nursing practice

McKinnon

2018

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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“…Each was designed to better understand the conceptual or theoretical components of empathy (see Table 1). The majority (n = 6) were literature reviews (Campbell-Yeo, Latimer, & Johnston, 2008;Dinkins, 2018;Hunt, Denieffe, & Gooney, 2017;Irving & Dickson, 2004;Kunyk & Olson, 2001;Määttä, 2006). Three were quasi-experimental exploratory singlegroup or two-group studies using quantitative measures and reporting findings from primary research such as surveys of students or nurses from different clinical backgrounds (Cliffordson, 2002;Latimer et al, 2017;Marcysiak, Dabrowska, & Marcysiak, 2014), and two were qualitative studies using interview, or interview and observation (McKinnon, 2018;Wiseman, 2007).…”

Section: Conceptual Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The empathy continuum: An evidenced‐based teaching model derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature

Levett‐Jones

Cant

2020

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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Aims This paper has two aims : first, to explain the concept of empathy derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature; and second, to profile a new conceptual model that can be used to inform the teaching of empathy. Background Empathy is fundamental to therapeutic communication and integral to quality patient care. However, the lack of agreement on the definition or conceptualisation of empathy in the nursing literature can make teaching and evaluating this skill challenging and inconsistent. Design Integrative review of literature. Data sources Publications from January 2000 to July 2018 in Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHLPlus, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Review methods As no integrative review checklists are currently available, a PRISMA checklist was adapted to guide this review. A two‐stage approach was used to explore the concept of empathy. Key definitions and attributes of empathy were identified from 11 primary studies and tabulated to allow for display and comparison. Next, the definitions and attributes of empathy drawn from a purposeful sample of 18 nursing education studies were examined, tabulated and summarised. Finally, the two samples were integrated and synthesised to form a cohesive summary, which was then illustrated with teaching and learning exemplars. Results Despite the lack of consensus on the definitions of empathy evident in the literature, recurring attributes and elements of empathy were evident, leading to the development of a new empathy model. Conclusion Patterns of consistency in the attributes of empathy that emerged from the review provided the basis for a new conceptual model, termed “The Empathy Continuum.” Relevance to clinical practice Each of the stages in the Empathy Continuum can be used to teach learners the meaning, attributes and application of empathy in practice. The model will be relevant to nurse educators as well as educators from other disciplines.

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“…reduced competence in task performance). 27 Emotional exhaustion: Emotional exhaustion is defined as the sense of being under strain with limited emotional resources which results in poor interest in and motivation for work, indifference to work, and finding no positive feelings at doing work. 28 It is associated with stress, anxiety, physical fatigue, sleeplessness, and senses of having no energy and no feelings.…”

Section: The Findings Of the Theoretical Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Nurses’ Job Burnout: A Hybrid Concept Analysis

2020

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Introduction: Job burnout can significantly affect nurses' physical and mental health and the quality of the care services they provide. Yet, there is no clear definition for job burnout in nursing. This study aimed to analyze the concept of nurses' occupational burnout. Methods: This concept analysis was conducted, using the three-phase hybrid model. In the theoretical phase, online databases, namely Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Science Direct, MagIran, ProQuest, Web of Sciences, Scopus, and PubMed were searched to retrieve studies published from 2007 to 2018. In the fieldwork phase, twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with nurses and head-nurses selected from teaching hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. In the final analytic phase, the findings of the first and the second phases were combined. Results: Based on the findings of the theoretical and the fieldwork phases, job burnout can be defined as, "a state of physical, mental, emotional, and social exhaustion resulting from the negative effects of unmanaged occupational stress and inadequate managerial and social support, which reduces interest in and motivation for work, affects care quality, and results in negative attitudes and behavior towards self, clients, and the work". Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of job burnout in the nursing context of Iran. Managers need to develop strategies for job burnout prevention and management based on its contributing factors.

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Burnout and its relationship to empathy in nursing: a review of the literature

Cited by 71 publications

References 75 publications

In their shoes: An ontological perspective on empathy in nursing practice

In their shoes: An ontological perspective on empathy in nursing practice

The empathy continuum: An evidenced‐based teaching model derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature

Nurses’ Job Burnout: A Hybrid Concept Analysis

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