Burn Wound γδ T-Cells Support a Th2 and Th17 Immune Response

Abstract

Objectives Major burn triggers immune dysfunction, which is associated with wound healing complications. Gamma delta T-cells have been shown to be important in post-burn inflammation and wound healing; however their cytokine phenotype at the burn wound site is unknown. Methods C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to a major burn (25% TBSA, 3rd degree) or sham treatment. At 3 h, 3 days and 7 days thereafter, skin samples were collected and subjected to dispase and trypsin digestion to isolate single cells. The cells were phenotyped and evaluated for cytokine profiles by flow cytometry. Th-1 cells were defined as IFNγ positive, Th-2 cells were defined IL-10 positive and Th-17 cells were defined as IL-17 positive. Results At 7 days after burn a shift towards Th-2 and Th-17 positive T-cells at the wound site was observed. Further analysis revealed that at 3 h post-injury the percentage of γδ T-cells positive for IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-17 where comparable between sham and burn skin samples. At 3 days and 7 days post-injury the percentage of cells positive for each cytokine increased; however, the increase was significantly greater for IL-10 and IL-17, as compared with IFNγ (i.e., 9-20 fold vs. 3-fold). Skin αβ T-cells preferentially produced IFNγ (~20%), which was unaffected by burn injury. Conclusions These data demonstrate that burn wound γδ T-cells are activated for enhanced cytokine production and display a shift towards a Th-2 and/or Th-17 phenotype. In contrast, burn wound αβ T-cells were not activated for enhanced cytokine production.

Delivery of allergen powder for safe and effective epicutaneous immunotherapy

“…29,43 The fast restoration of skin integrity has been shown to associate with T H 1-dominated immune responses, whereas slow healing favors T H 2 immune responses. 44 Third, the powder deposited in the epidermis was gradually hydrated and spread over the epidermis, and some entered the upper dermis, but not the bloodstream, which was a key to anaphylaxis prevention. 16 Moreover, the slow process of hydration and diffusion of powdered allergens resulted in the allergens sustaining within the skin for an extended period of time when compared with liquid allergens injected intradermally.…”

Laser-facilitated epicutaneous immunotherapy to IgE-mediated allergy

“…Each of these micropores is so small that it can heal within days by fast-growing epithelial cells surrounding each micropore, provided that the distances between any micropores are sufficient [21]. The quick healing favors T h 1 immune responses because a T h 1 immune response is prominent at the early phase of skin repair, in general, followed by a T H 2-skewed immune response in the late phase of the skin repair [23]. Hence, micro-fractional delivery of allergens not only minimizes skin lesion, but also averts T h 2 immune response at the immunization site.…”

“…In addition, it also inhibits activated antigen-specific T cell response and IgE expression in B-cells [26,27]. CpG as an adjuvant showed potential benefit to alleviate allergy symptoms by inducing T H 1 response [7,15,23]. The finding that VD3 and CpG can greatly induce a high level of Treg cells and T H 1 immune response is in good agreement with the well-described effects of VD3 and CpG in induction of Treg cells and T H 1 immune response [13–15,24,29,30].…”

Effective and lesion-free cutaneous influenza vaccination

“…The quick healing may be essential not only for lesion-free vaccination, but also for Th1-baised immunity. After skin injury, a Th1 immune response is prominent at the early phase of skin repair, which is followed by a Th2-skewed immune response in the late phase of the repair (43). Constraining inflammation within individual micropores results in resolution of the inflammation fast enough to avoid the late Th2-biased immune response.…”