Burden ofHelicobacter pyloriInfections and Associated Risk Factors among Women of Child Bearing Age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Early detection and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in women of child bearing ages may reduce the risk of maternal health disorder. This study was conducted to determine the burden of H. pylori infections and associated risk factors among women of child bearing ages in Kolfe Keranio Subcity Woreda 9 Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods Facility based cross sectional study design was conducted from April to October 2015. The study recruited 195 pregnant and 137 nonpregnant women with age range of 16-40 years. Sociodemographic data of study participants were collected by structured questionnaire. Venous blood was analyzed to determine hemoglobin, H. pylori stool antigen test kit was used to assess H. pylori infection, and fresh fecal (stool) was used to examine intestinal parasites among study subjects. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 19. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model using odds ratio (OR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. P-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results The overall burden of H. pylori infection among study participants was 29% (96/332). H. pylori infection was statistically significantly associated with pregnancy status (AOR: 1.825, CI (1.42-2.15), P=0.020), history of hyperemesis gravidarum (AOR=7.028, C.I (2.47-19.99), P=0.018), and low hemoglobin value (AOR=0.177, CI (0.083–0.379), p=0.003). There was no statistically significant association between H. pylori infection and sociodemographic characteristics and some expected risk factors like smoking, Khat chewing, alcohol drinking habit, and presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusion In this study, H. pylori infection was still a public health problem in the study area. H. pylori infected women also had high rate of anemia compared to women who had not H. pylori infected. Hence clinician and other responsible bodies should give a special attention for women who had been infected with H. pylori. Further large case control studies are warranted to understand more the role of H. pylori, HG, and other associated risk factors.

Association betweenHelicobacter pyloriInfection and Occurrence of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Kulito Health Center, Halaba Zone, South Ethiopia, 2018

“…Pregnant women with HP infection were more likely to have anemia than those without HP infection. This finding is in agreement with the previous study done among pregnant women in Addis Ababa [ 16 ], Iran [ 12 ], India [ 24 ], and Turkey [ 23 ]. Similarly, the study conducted in Butajira among dyspeptic nonpregnant patients also found significant association between anemia and HP infection [ 20 ].…”

“…Stool sample processing for direct stool examination (wet smear): a drop of normal saline was put on the cleaned microscope slides, and a small amount of the stool specimen was taken with a wooden stick and mixed with saline and was examined as soon as possible (within 30 minutes of passage), and on soft/formed stool within 60 minutes of passage, helminth ova was examined using the 10x objective, and cysts and trophozoites were examined using the 40x objective; this aids to detect certain protozoa trophozoites with their identification [ 16 ].…”

“…High prevalence of HP among pregnant women was also reported in developing countries than developed ones [ 15 ]. Many studies conducted in different parts of the world showed the significant magnitude of HP infection: 33.3%, in Addis Ababa [ 16 ], 50.7% in Jinka [ 17 ], 52.4% in Butajira [ 18 ], 71% in Jijiga [ 19 ], 83.5% in Hawassa [ 20 ], and 54.2% in Iran [ 12 ]. High prevalence of HP infection has been observed among pregnant women, which was associated with increased risk of anemia [ 21 ].…”

Prevalence of khat chewing during pregnancy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In Ethiopia, chewing of khat is becoming habitual and increasing at an alarming rate with an estimated prevalence ranged from 30% to50% (10)(11)(12)(13). According to 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS), around 27% of men and 12% of women had history of khat chewing (14) with up to 65% during pregnancy (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). Khat chewing has different socio-economic, psycho-social, physical and environmental impact (1, 5, 12, 13, 32).…”

Review:Helicobacter pyloriand extragastric diseases

“…Lopez‐Garcia et al reported that H pylori infection accounts for about 7.8% of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients referred to an academic hematology center in northeast Mexico, while Hou et al reported that H pylori seems to be associated with normochromic and normocytic anemia in a Chinese population . Kitila et al looked for H pylori in 195 pregnant and 137 nonpregnant Ethiopian women, reporting that the infection was significantly associated with pregnancy status (RR 1.825; CI 1.42‐2.15; P = .020) and low hemoglobin values (RR 0.177; CI 0.083‐0.379; P = .003), despite the effect of potential confounders, such as socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol intake, and presence of intestinal parasites . Demerdash et al, who enrolled 105 IDA patients and 70 age‐ and gender‐matched controls, clearly demonstrated a higher prevalence of H pylori infection in refractory IDA patients (61.5%) and a positive correlation with the mean corpuscular value (MCV; P = .046).…”