Burden of Cancers Related to Smoking among the Indonesian Population: Premature Mortality Costs and Years of Potential Life Lost

Abstract

Background: As smoking is the leading preventable cause of multiple diseases and premature cancer deaths, estimating the burden of cancer attributable to smoking has become the standard in documenting the adverse impact of smoking. In Indonesia, there is a dearth of studies assessing the economic costs of cancers related to smoking. This study aimed to estimate indirect mortality costs of premature cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to smoking among the Indonesian population. Materials and Methods: A prevalence based method was employed. Using national data, we estimated smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 2013. Premature mortality costs and YPLL were estimated by calculating number of cancer deaths, life expectancy, annual income, and workforce participation rate. A human capital approach was used to calculate the present value of lifetime earnings (PVLE). A discount rate of 3% was applied. Results: The study estimated that smoking attributable cancer mortality was 74,440 (30.6% of total cancer deaths), comprised of 95% deaths in men and 5% in women. Cancers attributed to smoking wereresponsible for 1,207,845 YPLL. Cancer mortality costs caused by smoking accounted for USD 1,309 million in 2013. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of death and economic burden. Conclusions: Cancers related to smoking pose an enormous economic burden in Indonesia. Therefore, tobacco control efforts need to be prioritized in order to prevent more losses to the nation. The data of this study are important for advocating national tobacco control policy.

The Premature Mortality Cost of Cancers Attributable to Secondhand Smoking in Indonesia

“…Premature Mortality Cost (PMC) is defined as parameters of the lost income caused by premature mortality based on human capital and obtained by calculating the number of mortality with life expectancy and average income [12]. Translation of the burden of diseases with the parameters PMC is able to provide evidence, so policy makers can understand that ultimately the state will still be harmed because of decreased public productivity and increased health costs to be borne by the government as a result of that risk factors [13].…”

Hematologic Toxicities of Chemotherapy in Lung Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study in Dr. M. Djamil Hospital Padang, Indonesia

“…30,43 A major limitation of the present study is the limited number of patients although lung cancer is reported to be the number one cancer that kills men and the leading cause of economic burden in Indonesia. 44 The use of four-year data in this study could not even increase a significant number of data for inclusion, thus did not allow some more sophisticated statistical analyses to be conducted. Nonetheless, the number of Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Volume 8, Issue 2, June 2019 samples in this study was quite representative since the total sampling technique was used, thus reducing the risk of missing potential insights from samples that were not included.…”

Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes per day Contribute to the Incident of Malignant Cancer?

“…Risky Kusuma Hartono 1,2 *, Sabariah Abd Hamid 2 , Muhammad Hafizurrachman 1 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of the world's smokers live in low and middleincome countries and more than half of the world's smoking-addicted population resides in the Asia-Pacific region (WHO, 2015;Ho et al, 2018). In Indonesia, cancer due to smoke causes 74.440 people death with the dominant cases happens in man (95%) (Riskesdas, 2013;Kristina et al, 2015;Tandilittin, 2016). The warning label is no longer acts as a motivation factor to quit smoking immediately due to lack of credibility and inevitability related to the fatalism of the diseases on the label (Mead et al, 2015).…”