Bullying and Victimization and Internalizing Symptoms among Low-Income Black and Hispanic Students

Gender Differences in Bullying and Victimization Among Early Adolescents in Jordan

“…These results are consistent with those of Espelage andHolt (2001), Pateraki andHoundoumadi (2001), Seals and Young (2003), Scheithauer et al (2006), andNarayanan andBetts (2014); who found that bullying and victimization rates among males are higher than rates among females. However, the results are not in line with those of Peskin et al (2006), Kokkinos and Panayiotou (2004), and Kljakovic et al (2015), who found that males and females did not differ significantly on bullying or victimization.…”

“…For example, a study by Peskin, Tortolero and Markham (2006) examined bullying in American students from 6 th to 12 th grades. Results of their study found that the percentage of victims (12%) was significantly higher than the percentage of bullies (7%), and there were no significant differences in the general levels of bullying and victimization between males and females.…”

Sexual Harassment, Bullying, and School Outcomes for High School Girls and Boys

“…Bullying is related to both socialization and developmental factors. These patterns have been established in international samples of students (Peskin, Tortolero, & Markham, 2006). As children reach middle school, sexual harassment becomes more frequent as dominance behavior is driven more frequently by gender stereotypes and sexualized behavior (Pelligrini, 2001).…”

Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction.

“…Documented prevalence rates for bullying vary greatly across studies, with 10% to 33% of students reporting victimization by peers, and 5% to 13% admitting to bullying others (e.g., Cassidy, 2009;Dulmus, Sowers, & Theriot, 2006;Kessel Schneider, O'Donnell, Stueve, & Coulter, 2012;Nansel et al, 2001;Perkins, Craig, & Perkins, 2011;Peskin, Tortolero, & Markham, 2006). Such variations reflect differences in assessment approaches, as well as differences across individuals (sex, age), contexts, and cultures.…”