Bulk Storage Vessels for Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen

Tietze, Vanessa; Luhr, Sebastian; Stolten, Detlef

doi:10.1002/9783527674268.ch27

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…They all target to increase the volumetric energy content without compromising on gravimetric energy density. 12 As indicated by the title of this contribution, we will not consider in the following state-of-theart technologies to store and transport hydrogen in its elemental form as either compressed hydrogen (cH 2 , 200− 700 bar) 13 or cryogenic hydrogen (l-H 2 , −253 °C). 14 Moreover, we will restrict our discussion to technologies that offer the potential for storage and transport of hydrogen on the TWh scale and thus may potentially act as backbone of a future hydrogen economy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

2016

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The need to drastically reduce CO emissions will lead to the transformation of our current, carbon-based energy system to a more sustainable, renewable-based one. In this process, hydrogen will gain increasing importance as secondary energy vector. Energy storage requirements on the TWh scale (to bridge extended times of low wind and sun harvest) and global logistics of renewable energy equivalents will create additional driving forces toward a future hydrogen economy. However, the nature of hydrogen requires dedicated infrastructures, and this has prevented so far the introduction of elemental hydrogen into the energy sector to a large extent. Recent scientific and technological progress in handling hydrogen in chemically bound form as liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) supports the technological vision that a future hydrogen economy may work without handling large amounts of elemental hydrogen. LOHC systems are composed of pairs of hydrogen-lean and hydrogen-rich organic compounds that store hydrogen by repeated catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation cycles. While hydrogen handling in the form of LOHCs allows for using the existing infrastructure for fuels, it also builds on the existing public confidence in dealing with liquid energy carriers. In contrast to hydrogen storage by hydrogenation of gases, such as CO or N, hydrogen release from LOHC systems produces pure hydrogen after condensation of the high-boiling carrier compounds. This Account highlights the current state-of-the-art in hydrogen storage using LOHC systems. It first introduces fundamental aspects of a future hydrogen economy and derives therefrom requirements for suitable LOHC compounds. Molecular structures that have been successfully applied in the literature are presented, and their property profiles are discussed. Fundamental and applied aspects of the involved hydrogenation and dehydrogenation catalysis are discussed, characteristic differences for the catalytic conversion of pure hydrocarbon and nitrogen-containing LOHC compounds are derived from the literature, and attractive future research directions are highlighted. Finally, applications of the LOHC technology are presented. This part covers stationary energy storage (on-grid and off-grid), hydrogen logistics, and on-board hydrogen production for mobile applications. Technology readiness of these fields is very different. For stationary energy storage systems, the feasibility of the LOHC technology has been recently proven in commercial demonstrators, and cost aspects will decide on their further commercial success. For other highly attractive options, such as, hydrogen delivery to hydrogen filling stations or direct-LOHC-fuel cell applications, significant efforts in fundamental and applied research are still needed and, hopefully, encouraged by this Account.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

2016

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“…1 In addition, CO 2free hydrogen production is possible utilizing renewable energy via water electrolysis. 2 Despite the very high gravimetric energy density, the common forms of storage such as compressed hydrogen (c-H 2 , 200−700 bar) 3 or cryogenic hydrogen (l-H 2 , −253 °C) 4 are complicated and costly. At normal conditions (20 °C and 1 atm) the volumetric energy density of hydrogen is extremely low (0.01 MJ/L or 3 Wh/L).…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Production Based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers through Sulfur Doped Platinum Catalysts Supported on TiO₂

Chen

Gierlich

Schötz

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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In order to move from a carbon-based energy system to a more sustainable one, focus is put on liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) systems for CO 2 -free hydrogen storage and release. In this study sulfur as a dopant for the Pt/TiO 2 catalyst was identified to be a selective poison resulting in high performing catalysts in the dehydrogenation experiments with the LOHC system perhydro dibenzyltoluene/dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT/H0-DBT). The Pt/TiO 2 and S−Pt/TiO 2 catalysts were compared to the current benchmarks Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 and S−Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 . S−Pt/TiO 2 was found to achieve a high degree of dehydrogenation of 98% which is competitive to the benchmark S−Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 . In addition, analyses of the side products resulted in a higher selectivity toward dibenzyltoluene for S−Pt/TiO 2 than for the γ-Al 2 O 3 supported catalysts. Characterization with infrared spectroscopy (IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy with CO as adsorbing molecule (CO−DRIFTS) suggest the presence of strongly chemisorbed sulfur species as well as SMSI effects of the Pt/TiO 2 catalysts. Based on kinetic studies, a batch and plug flow reactor for the dehydrogenation reaction were simulated for both titania supported catalysts. According to the calculations, the sulfur doped catalyst displays higher conversions in both batch and plug flow operation as compared to the unmodified system Pt/TiO 2 .

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“…Vacuum minimizes heat transfer through conduction and convection (Klell, 2010). Also, in this space between the walls is filled with additional materials, such as sheets of polyester coated with alumina; alternating layers of aluminum foil and fiberglass; or particles of aluminum, silica or perlite (Tietze et al, 2016). As a result of the high degree of isolation and the low surface-volume ratio, boiling rates are very low for large spherical tanks, generally below 0.1% per day (Amos, 1999).…”

Section: Physical Storage As Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At Cape Canaveral, USA, NASA operates liquid hydrogen storage vessels with a capacity of 230-270 ton (Tietze et al, 2016). The construction of this type of container has the potential to reach capacities higher than 900 ton (Amos, 1999).…”

Section: Physical Storage As Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The construction of this type of container has the potential to reach capacities higher than 900 ton (Amos, 1999). Despite the relative complexity on its construction, there are indications that liquid hydrogen storage tanks are less expensive by weight of stored hydrogen than containers for hydrogen gas under pressure at larger scales (Tietze et al, 2016).…”

Section: Physical Storage As Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Storage Development Using Hydrogen and Its Potential Application in Colombia

Montenegro¹,

Sanjuán²,

Carmona³

2019

IJEEP

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With the increase in the world population, the needs for energy generation have increased, the biggest contribution for this production comes from fossil fuels, which causes significant negative impacts on the environment and sustainability, such as global warming and stock-outs. In this way, it is essential to develop renewable energy alternatives that gradually replace conventional sources. However, these kinds of sources mostly dependent on environmental conditions, so they have the disadvantage of being intermittent and fluctuating. It is considered that hydrogen can be an attractive option for energy storage maximizing the benefit of renewable energy sources. In the last decades, different technologies have been developed to the use of hydrogen as backup and a renewable energy source. This study provides an inspection of the hydrogen technologies that range from the ways to produce hydrogen from renewable energy sources to their different storage alternatives. It is also presented an outlook of available energy policies and development background in different Latin American countries for power generation using renewable sources. Finally, the analysis focuses its attention in the Colombian potential for several sources (solar, wind, biomass) combined with the use of production and storage technologies for hydrogen as an energy carrier.

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Bulk Storage Vessels for Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen

Cited by 20 publications

References 35 publications

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen Production Based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers through Sulfur Doped Platinum Catalysts Supported on TiO₂

Energy Storage Development Using Hydrogen and Its Potential Application in Colombia

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Bulk Storage Vessels for Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen

Cited by 20 publications

References 35 publications

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Toward a Hydrogen-free Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen Production Based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers through Sulfur Doped Platinum Catalysts Supported on TiO2

Energy Storage Development Using Hydrogen and Its Potential Application in Colombia

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Product

Resources

About

Hydrogen Production Based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers through Sulfur Doped Platinum Catalysts Supported on TiO₂