Bulk–scale Dyeing of Acrylic Yarn Packages
Abstract: Bulk–scale dyeing trials on three different types of acrylic fibre are described. Basic dyes were applied under conditions predicted to give a borderline degree of unlevelness, following earlier laboratory work [1–3] intended to determine the relative importance of different factors which control level dyeing in this system. The results of the dyeing trials are discussed in this context and an attempt is made to attribute the effects observed to specific causes of unlevel uptake of dye.
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Cited by 8 publications
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This study compared reactive dyestuffs and vat dyestuffs in the dyeing of cotton. We investigated the possibility of reuse of the effluent generated, the ecological costs, and the colorfastness to water, rubbing, daylight, and perspiration. The experiments with vat dyestuffs showed slight advantage in terms of ecological costs, generating less molecules of carbon dioxide than the experiments conducted with reactive dyestuffs, lower consumption of energy, and greater possibility for reuse of treated effluent. In addition, vat dyestuffs exhibited decolorization efficiency above 99% and rates of total organic carbon removal over 90% in all cases, in addition to higher values in colorfastness properties.
This study compared reactive dyestuffs and vat dyestuffs in the dyeing of cotton. We investigated the possibility of reuse of the effluent generated, the ecological costs, and the colorfastness to water, rubbing, daylight, and perspiration. The experiments with vat dyestuffs showed slight advantage in terms of ecological costs, generating less molecules of carbon dioxide than the experiments conducted with reactive dyestuffs, lower consumption of energy, and greater possibility for reuse of treated effluent. In addition, vat dyestuffs exhibited decolorization efficiency above 99% and rates of total organic carbon removal over 90% in all cases, in addition to higher values in colorfastness properties.
It has been indicated that much of the practical data for dyeing processes available has never been exploited by the dye application industry, although dye research and development programmes have often identified targets with successful outcomes. Products and processes originated by dye makers have had a major impact on the success of practical dyeing, resulting in improved reproducibility and right-first-time processing. Dyeing theory research has consumed substantial resources invested by dye makers and academic institutions, but many of these studies have failed to yield useful data that could be applied directly in practical dyeing systems. The generation of detailed standard operating procedures has provided the conditions for achieving effective control over the practical dyeing process, an objective that was once thought to be attainable eventually by the refinement of dyeing theories.
The article contains sections titled: 1. History, Economic Importance 1.1. Historical Dyeing Methods 1.2. Economic Importance of Textile Dyeing 2. Dyeing Technology 2.1. General 2.1.1. History 2.1.2. The Field of Dyeing Technology 2.1.3. Fundamental Principles of Dyeing 2.1.3.1. Dyeing Systems 2.1.3.2. Phases of Exhaustion Dyeing 2.1.3.3. Dyeing Phase (Dyeing Kinetics) 2.1.3.4. Equilibrium Phase 2.1.3.5. Dye Fixation, Improvement of Colorfastness 2.1.3.6. Sources of Further Process Data 2.2. Batchwise Dyeing (Bath Dyeing) 2.2.1. Fundamental Principles and Equipment 2.2.2. Theoretical and Technical Fundamental Principles 2.2.3. Circulating Machines (Stationary Goods, Circulating Liquor) 2.2.3.1. Systems and Functions 2.2.3.2. Loose Stock Dyeing Machines 2.2.3.3. Package Dyeing Machines (Cross‐Wound Packages) 2.2.3.4. Hank Dyeing Machines 2.2.3.5. Beam Dyeing 2.2.4. Circulating‐Goods Machines with Textile Storage (Winch Type) 2.2.4.1. System and Functions 2.2.4.2. The Winch Beck 2.2.4.3. Jet Dyeing Machines 2.2.4.4. Overflow Dyeing Machines 2.2.4.5. The Air Jet (“Airflow”) Dyeing Machine 2.2.5. The Dyeing Jigger 2.2.5.1. Normal (Direct) Jig Dyeing 2.2.5.2. Pad Jig Process 2.2.6. Special Bath Dyeing Equipment 2.2.6.1. Star‐Shaped Dyeing Frames 2.2.6.2. Machines for Dyeing Hanks of Yarn 2.2.6.3. Paddle Dyeing Machine 2.2.6.4. Rotary Dyeing Machine 2.2.6.5. Cabinet Dyeing 2.2.6.6. Hosiery Dyeing Machines 2.2.7. Automatic Control of Bath Dyeing 2.2.7.1. Aims 2.2.7.2. Functions of Automatic Control 2.2.7.3. Equipment Requirements 2.3. Continuous and Semicontinuous Dyeing 2.3.1. The Principal Stages of Continuous Dyeing 2.3.1.1. Dye Pickup 2.3.1.2. Intermediate Drying 2.3.1.3. Dye Fixation 2.3.1.4. Aftertreatment of the Dyed Fabric (Finishing) 2.3.2. Dyeing Plants 2.3.3. Continuous Dyeing of Yarn and Fiber 2.3.4. Automatic Operation of Continuous Dyeing Plants 2.3.4.1. Important Process Stages and their Automation 2.3.4.2. Technology of Automation 2.4. Laboratory Dyeing Techniques 2.4.1. Objectives 2.4.2. Laboratory Dyeing 2.4.2.1. Typical Laboratory Equipment 2.4.2.2. Small‐Scale Production Equipment 2.4.3. Laboratory Dyeing Technology 2.5. Techniques of Dispensing Products used in Dyeing 2.5.1. Dispensing of Dyes 2.5.2. Dispensing of Dye Auxiliaries 2.5.3. Dispensing of Chemicals 2.5.4. Preparation of the Initial Liquor Charge and its Replenishment 2.5.4.1. Batch Dyeing 2.5.4.2. Continuous Dyeing 2.6. Colorimetry 2.6.1. Measuring Instruments 2.6.2. Methods of Expressing Colorimetric Results 2.6.3. Developments in Colorimetry 3. Physical Properties of Textiles Important for Dyeing 3.1. Classification of Textile Properties 3.2. Fibers 3.3. Yarns 3.4. Fabrics 3.5. Makeup of Textiles for Dyeing 4. Dyeing of Cellulose Fibers 4.1. Dyeing with Reactive Dyes 4.1.1. Fundamentals 4.1.2. Dyeing Techniques 4.1.3. Special Processes and Development Trends 4.2. Dyeing with Direct Dyes 4.2.1. Applications and Properties 4.2.2. Dyeing Principle 4.2.3. Pretreatment of Substrates 4.2.4. Dyeing Parameters 4.2.5. Dyeing Techniques 4.2.6. Special Processes 4.2.7. Aftertreatment 4.3. Dyeing with Anthraquinone Vat Dyes 4.3.1. Chemistry of Vat Dyes 4.3.2. Vatting 4.3.3. Dye Absorption in the Exhaustion Process 4.3.4.
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