Bulk Copolymerization of Conjugated Linoleic Acid With Styrene and Butyl Acrylate: Reactivity Ratio Estimation

Roberge, Stéphane; Dubé, Marc A.

doi:10.1080/10601325.2015.1095594

Cited by 6 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Occasional off‐line sample characterization was performed using 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy and gravimetry to validate the results. Both the bulk and emulsion polymerization off‐line conversion and polymer composition results were reported previously . The in‐line ATR‐FTIR approach provides interesting insight into the initial fast production of CLA‐rich oligomers compared to the offline measurements where infrequent measurements did not provide a full composition profile in the early reaction stages.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), (Penta, 74 mol % CLA, 13 mol % oleic acid, 13 mol % saturated fatty acid, inhibitor‐free) was chosen for economic reasons and was used without further purification. One should note that the saturated fatty acid portion of the CLA is non‐reactive whereas the oleic acid portion plays the role of an impurity . For bulk reactions, the reagents styrene (Sty, Sigma‐Aldrich, 99%) and butyl acrylate (BA, Sigma‐Aldrich, 99%) were purified to remove the inhibitor, hydroquinone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples were dried for ∼7 days in the fumehood and ∼7 days in a vacuum oven at room temperature, until a constant weight was achieved. The mass of CLA monomer, oleic acid, and saturated fatty acid left in the dry sample were subtracted from the measured dry sample mass to calculate the dry polymer conversion …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acquisition time was 4.6 sec and 16 scans were performed per sample. A detailed presentation of peak assignments and calculation procedure for copolymer and terpolymer composition was reported previously …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several production methods exist for CLA but it can also be produced simply and inexpensively from soybean oil photo‐isomerization . In previous work, we reported on the copolymerization and terpolymerization of CLA with styrene (Sty) and butyl acrylate (BA), where oleic acid was shown to have a significant impact on the reaction kinetics for bulk and emulsion reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

Roberge

Dubé

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Free radical bulk and emulsion co‐ and terpolymerizations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) with styrene (Sty) and butyl acrylate (BA) were performed at 80 °C. The polymerizations were monitored using an attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopic probe. Bulk polymerizations were monitored off‐line while emulsion polymerizations were monitored in‐line. Absorbance peaks related to the monomers and polymer were tracked to provide conversion and polymer composition data using a multivariate calibration method. Off‐line measurements using gravimetry and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy were compared to the ATR‐FTIR data and no significant differences were detected between the measurement methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43574.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

Roberge

Dubé

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Szczotok

Carmona

Kjøniksen

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The microencapsulation of linoleic (LinA), oleic, erucic, and palmitic acids (PAs) from styrene and divinylbenzene were studied by using the suspension‐like polymerization technique. All materials exhibited a spherical shape, with a particle size between 166 and 416 μm. The phase change material (PCM) content decreased with the presence of double bonds in the fatty acid molecule. The thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of the microcapsules (MC) containing saturated PA was the highest (123.30 J g−1). Whereas, the lowest TES capacity was observed for the LinA. TES capacity values from unsaturated fatty acid materials and the high particle yield indicated that these kinds of acids played two different roles, as PCM and also as monomers, in the radical polymerization processes. At high initiator concentrations, the unsaturated fatty acids were observed to react. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared where the peak assigned to the CC bond disappears in the spectrum of MC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45970.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid/Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Bulk and Emulsion Polymerization for Adhesive Applications

Roberge

Dubé

2016

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary The incorporation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) into pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) formulations was evaluated. First, a series of free radical bulk copolymerizations of CLA/styrene (Sty) and CLA/butyl acrylate (BA) were run for reactivity ratio estimation. This was followed by CLA/Sty/BA bulk terpolymerizations. Pseudo‐kinetic models were developed and validated with the copolymerization data and extended and validated for the CLA/Sty/BA terpolymerization case. The pseudo‐kinetic models incorporated the electron trapping effect of oleic acid, a common impurity found in CLA. A series of emulsion terpolymerizations of CLA/Sty/BA were then designed to investigate the influence of terpolymer composition, molecular weight, chain transfer agent concentration, cross‐linker concentration, latex viscosity and particle size on PSA performance (tack, peel strength and shear strength). Empirical PSA performance models were developed and expressed as 3D response surfaces for optimization of the PSA formulation. All experiments were performed at 80°C and monitored with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy both off‐line (bulk experiments) and in‐line (emulsion experiments). Ultimately, the incorporation of 30 wt.% CLA into a practical PSA application suitable for removable adhesives was achieved.

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Bulk Copolymerization of Conjugated Linoleic Acid With Styrene and Butyl Acrylate: Reactivity Ratio Estimation

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Conjugated Linoleic Acid/Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Bulk and Emulsion Polymerization for Adhesive Applications

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