Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

Roberge, Stéphane; Dubé, Marc A.

doi:10.1002/app.43574

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This confirms the reactivity of unsaturated bonds in the radical polymerization process. The results observed by using OA do not agree with the results reported by Roberge and Dubé where the fatty acid was not incorporated into final polymer product. However, OA had a significant effect on the polymerization kinetics, due to resonance stabilization of radicals from the oligomers which was beneficial for conjugated LinA initiation.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…The decomposition of the P(LinA + St + DVB) was observed in a wide temperature range, as a result of high polydispersity of the final polymer and the high conversion of this fatty acid. The reactivity of LinA was previously reported by Roberge and Dubé using styrene and butyl acrylate in the presence of BPO as initiator at 80 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Figure shows the FTIR spectra for pure fatty acids, P(St‐DVB), and their MC. Vibrations of alkene CH stretching, aliphatic CH, carbonyl group and CC alkene bending can be observed in the bands 3010, 2850–2950, 1700, and 948 cm −1 , respectively, for the pure fatty acids . The IR spectrum of P(St‐DVB) exhibited an absorption band at 3020 cm −1 attributed to aromatic CH stretching vibration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…However, the shell materials used in those studies are not suitable for building applications, since they are easily degraded. Only studies about the behavior in bulk polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids with vinyl monomer in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as radical initiator have been reported . These studies demonstrated the reactivity of conjugated linoleic acid (LinA) to form copolymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Szczotok

Carmona

Kjøniksen

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The microencapsulation of linoleic (LinA), oleic, erucic, and palmitic acids (PAs) from styrene and divinylbenzene were studied by using the suspension‐like polymerization technique. All materials exhibited a spherical shape, with a particle size between 166 and 416 μm. The phase change material (PCM) content decreased with the presence of double bonds in the fatty acid molecule. The thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of the microcapsules (MC) containing saturated PA was the highest (123.30 J g−1). Whereas, the lowest TES capacity was observed for the LinA. TES capacity values from unsaturated fatty acid materials and the high particle yield indicated that these kinds of acids played two different roles, as PCM and also as monomers, in the radical polymerization processes. At high initiator concentrations, the unsaturated fatty acids were observed to react. This was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared where the peak assigned to the CC bond disappears in the spectrum of MC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45970.

show abstract

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Szczotok

Carmona

Kjøniksen

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Real‐time monitoring of terpolymerization reactions with infrared process monitoring, has been reported, including attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy, macroscopic calorimetry, and microcalorimetric measurements in emulsions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of NMR to ACOMP for Terpolymerization Monitoring and Control

McAfee

Jarand

Zekoski

et al. 2019

Macro Reaction Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Monitoring and control of free radical copolymerization using automatic continuous online monitoring of polymerization reactions (ACOMP) with UV detection has been recently achieved. It is difficult, however, to achieve spectral separation of similar monomers with UV alone. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is coupled to ACOMP for the first time and terpolymerization reactions involving acrylamide (Am), sodium acrylate (Ac), and styrene sulfonate (SS) are monitored, and a first attempt at active composition control is made. The NMR resolves the concentrations of Am and Ac, while the UV resolves SS and the sum of Am and Ac. NMR analysis is performed in water, using signal suppression, to eliminate the need for deuterated solvents. From this, instantaneous fractions of each comonomer in the terpolymer are continuously known, along with weight average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity, IV. Am and Ac have similar reactivities, whereas the reactivity ratio of SS is much larger. Hence, there is high composition drift in batch polymerization and SS is rapidly consumed, leaving a final copolymer of Am and SS to form. Maintaining constant terpolymer composition is taken as a first step toward active control.

show abstract

A General Autofluorescence Method to Characterize Polymerization Progress

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An autofluorescence technique to characterize polymerization progress in real time/in line was developed, which functioned in the absence of typical fluorogenic groups on the monomer or polymer. The monomer dicyclopentadiene and polymer polydicyclopentadiene are hydrocarbons that lack traditional functional groups for fluorescence spectroscopy. Here, the autofluorescence of formulations containing this monomer and polymer during ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was harnessed for reaction monitoring. The methods fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and here-developed fluorescence lifetime recovery after photobleaching (FLRAP) characterized polymerization progress in these native systems-without requiring exogenous fluorophore. (Auto)fluorescence lifetime recovery changes during polymerization correlated linearly to degree of cure, providing a quantitative link with reaction progress. These changing signals also provided relative rates of background polymerization, enabling comparison of 10 different catalyst-inhibitor-stabilized formulations. Multiple-well analysis demonstrated suitability for future high-throughput evaluation of formulations for thermosets. The central concept of the combined autofluorescence and FLRAP/FRAP method may be extendable to monitoring other polymerization reactions previously overlooked for lack of an obvious fluorescence handle.

show abstract

Infrared process monitoring of conjugated linoleic acid/styrene/butyl acrylate bulk and emulsion terpolymerization

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

The role of radical polymerization in the production of thermoregulating microcapsules or polymers from saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Coupling of NMR to ACOMP for Terpolymerization Monitoring and Control

A General Autofluorescence Method to Characterize Polymerization Progress

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About