Buffeting forces on rigid circular cylinders in cross flows

Abstract

Experimentally measured steady and unsteady forces induced by a cross flow over a smooth circular cylinder are reported in this paper. The measurements were made in the 0·305 m research water tunnel of the Pennsylvania State University. The parameters examined include the Reynolds number, which was varied over a range of 2 × 104 to 2 × 106, free-stream turbulent intensity, integral length scale-to-diameter ratio and active span-to-diameter ratio; however, this paper includes only some of these results.Among the results reported are the complete mean drag data on all the cylinders tested and some fluctuating force data chosen to illustrate the effects of Reynolds number and active span-to-diameter ratio on the measured forces in uniform and turbulent cross flows. From these results, it can be concluded that the unsteady forces bear a functional relation to Reynolds number in the range tested which is very similar to the well-documented behaviour of the mean drag. Thus the effect of free-stream turbulence on both the steady drag forces and the unsteady forces is to shift the transitional region to a lower Reynolds number. Decreasing the active span-to-diameter ratio increases the buffeting lift coefficient at the same Reynolds number. Finally, it is observed that the Strouhal lift signal at transitional Reynolds numbers is no longer quasi-periodic but rather resembles a narrow-band random signal.

Fluid forces on two circular cylinders in crossflow

“…In general, the results match the measurements by So and Savkar [6], Schewe [7], Cheung and Melbourne [8], and Mulcahy [5].…”

“…6 appear to be lower than those by some other measurements [6]. This is attributed to the relatively large length-to-diameter ratio of the tube.…”

Statistics and dynamics of the boundary layer reattachments during the drag crisis transitions of a circular cylinder

“…Most of the studies about fluctuations during the drag crisis focus on the global Kármán mode 5,14 , and especially the measurement of the Strouhal frequency. Consequently, the dynamics of the transitions between the one bubble and two bubbles states is less studied than the weakening of the shedding.…”

Fluid forces on a very low Reynolds number airfoil and their prediction

“…Given a pre-load to measured load ratio of larger than six, reasonably accurate force measurements may be obtained (So and Savkar, 1981). The present pre-load of the load cell was 25 kN, about 4.1 Â 10 3 times the maximum forces measured (6 N), resulting in a very high signal-to-noise ratio in the measurement of fluid forces.…”