Buccal Exposure to Botulinal Toxin

Lamanna, Carl; Hillowalla, R. A.; Alling, Charles C.

doi:10.1093/infdis/117.4.327

Cited by 20 publications

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“…After passing through the intestinal epithelium, the toxins first appear in the lymph and then in the blood (reviewed in [3, 8]). Botulinum toxin can also be absorbed from various mucous membranes, such as the mucous membranes of buccal cavity [53], stomach [54], and respiratory systems [55]. …”

Section: Mechanism Of the Passage Of Botulinum Toxins Through The mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Botulinum Toxin with the Epithelial Barrier

Fujinaga

2010

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a protein toxin (~150 kDa), which possesses a metalloprotease activity. Food-borne botulism is manifested when BoNT is absorbed from the digestive tract to the blood stream and enters the peripheral nerves, where the toxin cleaves core proteins of the neuroexocytosis apparatus and elicits the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. The initial obstacle to orally ingested BoNT entering the body is the epithelial barrier of the digestive tract. Recent cell biology and molecular biology studies are beginning to elucidate the mechanism by which this large protein toxin crosses the epithelial barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural features of botulinum toxins (BoNT and BoNT complex) and the interaction of these toxins with the epithelial barrier.

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Section: Mechanism Of the Passage Of Botulinum Toxins Through The mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Botulinum Toxin with the Epithelial Barrier

Fujinaga

2010

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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“…There is one report of respiratory intoxication by BoNT type A in man (Holzer 1962). Evidence for direct absorption of BoNT from the buccal region is inconclusive (Lamanna et al, 1967). Recently, Park and Simpson (2003) showed that there were binding and transcytosis determinants in rat alveolar epithelial cells and in human pulmonary adenomacarcinoma cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tonsils – Place of botulinum toxin production: Results of routine laboratory diagnosis in farm animals

Böhnel

Wagner

Gessler

2008

Veterinary Microbiology

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Since a case of a veterinarian was reported, who was likely to be infected/intoxicated by Clostridium botulinum during the handling of a diseased animal, tonsils in animals were tested for botulinum neurotoxin and bacterial forms of neurotoxic Clostridium botulinum during routine botulism laboratory examinations including standard samples (intestinal tract and liver) from 48 cattle, 11 horses, and 14 goats. Ten out of 60 samples from tonsils contained free botulinum toxin, and 12 out of 59 were positive for live toxin producing bacteria. In 32 out of 162 intestinal samples toxin was detected. Toxin producing bacteria were found in 37 samples. Eight of 56 liver samples contained free toxin, and 15 out of 43 toxigenic bacteria. Samples from 10 slaughter pigs were all negative, whereas from slaughter cattle tonsils had a high incidence of toxin (7 of 10) or toxigenic bacteria (2 of 8). The results are discussed in the context of effects on animal health and botulism as zoonosis.

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“…The human LD 50 for a 70‐kg person has been calculated to be approximately 40 U/kg or about 2500–3000 U. The usual total dose of BOTOX ® administered for cosmetic purposes during any treatment session is less than 100 U, which is about 3% of the LD 50 for humans, 56–58 making poisoning by accidental overdose highly unlikely and virtually impossible. There have not been any reported cases of systemic toxicity resulting from accidental injection or oral ingestion of BOTOX ® .…”

Section: Toxicity Of Botox®mentioning

confidence: 99%

The cosmetic uses of Botulinum toxin type A

Benedetto

1999

Int J Dermatology

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Buccal Exposure to Botulinal Toxin

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Interaction of Botulinum Toxin with the Epithelial Barrier

Interaction of Botulinum Toxin with the Epithelial Barrier

Tonsils – Place of botulinum toxin production: Results of routine laboratory diagnosis in farm animals

The cosmetic uses of Botulinum toxin type A

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