Tonsils – Place of botulinum toxin production: Results of routine laboratory diagnosis in farm animals

Böhnel, H.; Wagner, Cláudia; Gessler, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.003

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Many opportunistic human pathogens were observed using culturomics, including 8 pathogens frequently associated with human disease (Table 1)1931. Among these, C. botulinum is also present in herbivore and carnivore hosts, including pigs, horses, cattle, giant pandas and tigers3233343536. In contrast, M. bolletii is an emerging pathogen for which no animal source is known31.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools

Bittar

Keita

Lagier

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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Wild apes are considered to be the most serious reservoir and source of zoonoses. However, little data are available about the gut microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in gorillas. For this propose, a total of 48 fecal samples obtained from 21 Gorilla gorilla gorilla individuals (as revealed via microsatellite analysis) were screened for human bacterial pathogens using culturomics and molecular techniques. By applying culturomics to one index gorilla and using specific media supplemented by plants, we tested 12,800 colonies and identified 147 different bacterial species, including 5 new species. Many opportunistic pathogens were isolated, including 8 frequently associated with human diseases; Mycobacterium bolletii, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum. The genus Treponema accounted for 27.4% of the total reads identified at the genus level via 454 pyrosequencing. Using specific real-time PCR on 48 gorilla fecal samples, in addition to classical human pathogens, we also observed the fastidious bacteria Bartonella spp. Borrelia spp., Coxiella burnetii and Tropheryma whipplei in the gorilla population. We estimated that the prevalence of these pathogens vary between 4.76% and 85.7%. Therefore, gorillas share many bacterial pathogens with humans suggesting that they could be a reservoir for their emergence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools

Bittar

Keita

Lagier

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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“…, Hiroaki ITO 1) , Keita MIYATA 1) , Tomohito MATSUO 1) , Ryohta HORIUCHI 1) , Toshihiko IKEDA 2) , Toshihiro WATANABE 1) , Tohru OHYAMA 1) and Koichi NIWA 1) Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) causes flaccid muscle paralysis in humans and animals by inhibiting neurotransmitter release at nerve endings. In recent years, sporadic and massive outbreaks of cattle botulism have occurred worldwide, causing large economic losses in dairy and beef cattle farming [4,11,15,20].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the effect of the toxin in cells or organs that do not fall within the nervous system is still unclear. For example, Böhnel et al [2] reported that ten out of 60 tonsils of cattle that had died of botulism contained botulinum toxin, but the mechanisms by which the toxin invaded the tonsils remain unknown. The present results may provide new insight into the mechanisms involved in animal botulism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Sialic Acid in Transport of Serotype C1 Botulinum Toxins through Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Inui

Ito

Miyata

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Clostridium botulinum produces a large toxin complex (L-TC) composed of neurotoxin (BoNT) and non-toxic proteins. In animal botulism, BoNT or L-TC is absorbed via the intestinal epithelium. To establish the cellular mechanisms of botulinum toxin absorption, we used cultured rat intestinal epithelial cells to test the binding and transport of serotype C1 BoNT and L-TC through the cell layers. BoNT and L-TC bound to and passed through the cell layers, with L-TC exhibiting larger binding and transport. Binding and transport of these toxins were inhibited by N-acetyl neuraminic acid or neuraminidase treatment of the cells. These results suggest that binding of serotype C1 BoNT and L-TC to sialic acid on the cells promoted their transport through intestinal epithelial cell layers.KEY WORDS: botulinum neurotoxin, Clostridium botulinum, IEC-6, toxin absorption, toxin complex.

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“…54,56 Liver seems to be better than other tissues for the demonstration of bacterial spores, vegetative cells, and toxin in botulism outbreaks. 6,7,34,35,55 Surprisingly, C. botulinum spores were also observed in liver and cecum of a large proportion of sentinel mallards in an experimental study. 47 Clostridium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Confirmation of botulism diagnosis in Australian bird samples by ELISA and RT rtPCR

Masters

Palmer

2021

J VET Diagn Invest

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We developed a sandwich ELISA that detects Clostridium botulinum C and D toxins and reverse-transcription real-time PCRs (RT-rtPCRs) that detect botulinum C and D toxin genes, respectively, to replace the mouse bioassay. The toxin genes were closely associated with the toxin molecules and used as surrogates for the presence of toxin. Samples (638) from 103 clinical cases of birds (302) with suspected botulinum toxicity came from wild birds and poultry (9 cases). Samples tested included blood serum, other body fluids, various tissues, gut contents, maggots, water, and sediment. Botulism was diagnosed in 34 cases (all of which had positive samples in the ELISA, the C toxin gene RT-rtPCR, or both assays). Botulism was suspected in 16 cases (each of which had 1 positive sample either in the ELISA or the C toxin gene RT-rtPCR). In the remaining 53 cases, no samples were positive, but botulism could not be excluded in 32 of these cases, whereas there was no indication of botulism or another diagnosis in 21 cases. The D toxin gene was not detected in any of the clinical samples. No C or D toxin genes were detected in 71 pooled cloacal swabs from 213 healthy migratory birds. The use of an ELISA that detects botulinum C and D toxins in combination with a RT-rtPCR for the botulinum C toxin gene can help confirm the diagnosis of botulism in birds.

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Tonsils – Place of botulinum toxin production: Results of routine laboratory diagnosis in farm animals

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools

Gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools

Involvement of Sialic Acid in Transport of Serotype C1 Botulinum Toxins through Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Confirmation of botulism diagnosis in Australian bird samples by ELISA and RT rtPCR

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