Bruk av antibiotika hos barn i perioden 2005 – 16

Antibiotikaresistens ved urinveisinfeksjoner hos barn i Norge

“…Bruken av ciprofloksacin hos barn i Norge er svaert lav (17,18), mens overforbruk blant voksne nylig har blitt problematisert (19). Lavere resistensrater for ciprofloksacin i E. coli fra barn sammenlignet med voksne er også observert internasjonalt (11-13) og har sannsynligvis sammenheng med lavere forbruk hos barn (9).…”

“…I Helsedirektoratets retningslinjer for antibiotikabruk er trimetoprim og trimetoprimsulfametoksasol blant de empiriske førstevalgene for barn ved henholdsvis nedre og øvre urinveisinfeksjon (10). Forbrukerstatistikk fra Reseptregisteret har vist at trimetoprim og trimetoprim-sulfametoksasol i de senere år har blitt hyppig brukt blant barn ≤ 5 år (17). Vi kan anta at en vesentlig andel av forskrivningene representerte behandling av urinveisinfeksjon.…”

Association Between Antibiotics in the First Year of Life and Celiac Disease

“…All antibiotics dispensed outside of hospitals (90% of antibiotics used in Denmark, and 93% of antibiotics used in Norway) are registered at the individual level in national prescription registers and drugs are classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Coding System. 18,19 We included all systemic antibiotics (ATC J01) dispensed in the first two years of life. The use of antibiotics from one to two years of age was included in sub-analyses.…”

“…Furthermore, all the analyses were adjusted for sex as a confounding variable because girls are more likely to develop celiac disease 1 and boys are more often treated with antibiotics in early life. 19 In the Danish cohort, we excluded children diagnosed before or in the exposed age period to minimize the risk of reverse causality. This was not possible in the Norwegian cohort because the exact age at diagnosis was not known.…”

Antibiotics alter the window of competence for natural transformation in streptococci

“…In young children, with an immature microbiome, the consequences of antibiotic exposure are hypothesized to be of greater extent than in adults, and it is suggested that extensive use of antibiotics in a young age may be associated with conditions such as asthma, obesity and IBD [114][115][116] . Worryingly, antibiotic use is particularly high in children aged <4 years 117,118 .…”