Bronze Disease: A Review of Some Chemical Problems and the Role of Relative Humidity

Scott, David A.

doi:10.1179/019713690806046064

Cited by 119 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In fact, this process is the reaction of copper with chlorine in presence of moisture and oxygen that causes the formation of copper trihydroxichlorides. This process will continue (if moisture is available) until all metallic copper converts to copper trihydroxichlorides [1,2,13], based on following equation [2]:…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first reaction product is nantokite (CuCl). Nantokite may occur in different areas of copper alloy artefacts: from underneath of cuprite layer to the inner part of a corroded one [13,14]. Bronze disease, sometimes, is used for the interpretation of the occurrence of pale green powdery patches and pits after excavation of archaeological copper alloys [1].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

et al. 2013

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Background: Archaeological metallic artefacts buried in soils deteriorate by means of various environmental as well as internal factors and mechanisms over time such as change in composition and microstructure of metal and corrosive factors due to long-term burial environment. Corrosion in metals occurs in different morphologies and results in different types of corrosion products based on soil composition. Identification of corrosion mechanisms and morphology in archaeological metals can help conservators to characterize deterioration occurred in metals and make decisions to protect artefacts about preventing further deterioration. In archaeological bronzes, different layers may form on the surface of artefacts and their composition, depth and shape depends on factors noted above. Results: In this paper, results of investigation carried out on ancient bronzes discovered from Haft Tappeh archaeological site, southwestern Iran, are presented. The ancient bronze samples are dated to the Middle Elamite period about 14th century BC. Some of the Haft Tappeh bronze artefacts corroded completely and a multilayer structure has formed. To study the stratigraphy of corrosion layers and their composition, some bronze artefacts have been analyzed using SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive Spectrometry) and Optical Microscopy analyses. The results show difference between the amount of Cu and Sn in layers that may follow from copper leaching from inner layers and formation of copper trihydroxychlorides because of bronze disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

et al. 2013

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“…Haft Tappeh objects are made of impure copper and tin bronze alloy and are corroded heavily, as many of the objects are corroded completely and no metallic structure is retained after long term burial in the soil environment. As mentioned above, the main corrosion mechanism in these objects is bronze disease or active corrosion that is reaction of copper with chloride resulting to form basic copper chlorides and copper oxides [47]. The corrosion morphology of Haft Tappeh objects includes various red, green, white-grey and black corrosion layers in partially and completely corroded objects [46].…”

Section: Previous Results On the Corrosion Of The Objectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A methodological approach to estimate soil corrosivity for archaeological copper alloy artefacts

Oudbashi

2018

Herit Sci

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Characterization of soil corrosivity in archaeological sites is an important subject to understand the conservation conditions of archaeological bronze collections and helps conservators to prepare a conservation strategy for long term preservation of bronze objects. In this paper, a research approach is established to identify soil corrosivity in two archaeological sites and to find correlation between corrosion events and soil characterizations. Therefore, an analytical study was carried out to identify different factors of soil environment influencing corrosivity of the soil in two sites. Based on the results, measuring different factors such as chemical composition, pH, texture, soluble salts and water content and SOM displayed different soil environments in two archaeological sites. The results represent correlative relationship between corrosion mechanism and soil characteristics in these archaeological sites.

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“…The study of the corrosion products on archaeological bronzes is particularly important for a better understanding of the condition, possible conservation strategy and restoration strategy of bronze artifacts [1][2][3]. A large variety of analytical techniques including optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), synchrotron radiation FTIR (SR-FTIR) and synchrotron radiation XRD (SR-XRD), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy have been used to investigate structures and compositions of the corrosion products in recent years [4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1 Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum, 236 Renmin Road, Chongqing 400015, China.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of phosphatic corrosion products on bronze swords of the Warring States period buried at Lijiaba site in Chongqing, China

Fan¹,

Freestone

2017

Herit Sci

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Corrosion products on three bronze swords found in tombs dating from the Warring States period at Lijiaba site, Yunyang county, Chongqing were characterized by Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies. The major corrosion products were cuprite, malachite, cerussite and cassiterite, along with the copper and lead phosphates, libethenite and pyromorphite. The presence of libethenite and pyromorphite which have been reported infrequently in bronze corrosion products were attributed to the pH, humidity and phosphorus released by the decomposition of the adjacent bodies in the burial environment.

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Bronze Disease: A Review of Some Chemical Problems and the Role of Relative Humidity

Cited by 119 publications

References 14 publications

Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

Micro-stratigraphical investigation on corrosion layers in ancient Bronze artefacts by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and optical microscopy

A methodological approach to estimate soil corrosivity for archaeological copper alloy artefacts

Occurrence of phosphatic corrosion products on bronze swords of the Warring States period buried at Lijiaba site in Chongqing, China

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