Bromine emissions from leaded gasoline

Thomas, Valerie M.; Bedford, J. A.; Cicerone, R. J.

doi:10.1029/97gl01243

Cited by 49 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…For example, at Bermuda, aerosol lead concentrations have decreased by an order of magnitude from the 1970s to the mid-1990s (Huang et al, 1996). Since unleaded petrol does not contain the additive 1,2-dibromoethane, aerosol bromine from petrol has also decreased (Thomas et al, 1997). In India, leaded petrol has only recently been phased out.…”

Section: Fossil-fuel Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

et al. 2003

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Abstract. The cycling of inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer (mbl) has received increased attention in recent years. Bromide, a constituent of sea water, is injected into the atmosphere in association with sea-salt aerosol by breaking waves on the ocean surface. Measurements reveal that supermicrometer sea-salt aerosol is substantially depleted in bromine (often exceeding 50%) relative to conservative tracers, whereas marine submicrometer aerosol is often enriched in bromine. Model calculations, laboratory studies, and field observations strongly suggest that the supermicrometer depletions reflect the chemical transformation of particulate bromide to reactive inorganic gases that influence the processing of ozone and other important constituents of marine air. Mechanisms for the submicrometer enrichments are not well understood. Currently available techniques cannot reliably quantify many Br-containing compounds at ambient concentrations and, consequently, our understanding of inorganic Br cycling over the oceans and its global significance are uncertain. To provide a more coherCorrespondence to: R. Sander (sander@mpch-mainz.mpg.de) ent framework for future research, we have reviewed measurements in marine aerosol, the gas phase, and in rain. We also summarize sources and sinks, as well as model and laboratory studies of chemical transformations. The focus is on inorganic bromine over the open oceans outside the polar regions. The generation of sea-salt aerosol at the ocean surface is the major tropospheric source producing about 6.2 Tg/a of bromide. The transport of Br from continents (as mineral aerosol, and as products from biomass-burning and fossil-fuel combustion) can be of local importance. Transport of degradation products of long-lived Br-containing compounds from the stratosphere and other sources contribute lesser amounts. Available evidence suggests that, following aerosol acidification, sea-salt bromide reacts to form Br 2 and BrCl that volatilize to the gas phase and photolyze in daylight to produce atomic Br and Cl. Subsequent transformations can destroy tropospheric ozone, oxidize dimethylsulfide (DMS) and hydrocarbons in the gas phase and S(IV) in aerosol solutions, and thereby potentially influence climate. Inorganic bromine in the mbl gas phase during daytime are consistent with expectations based on photochemistry. We expect that the importance of inorganic Br cycling will vary in the future as a function of both increasing acidification of the atmosphere (through anthropogenic emissions) and climate changes. The latter affects bromine cycling via meteorological factors including global wind fields (and the associated production of sea-salt aerosol), temperature, and relative humidity.

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Section: Fossil-fuel Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decline in the world-wide use of leaded petrol (Thomas et al, 1997) is reflected in the atmosphere. For example, at Bermuda, aerosol lead concentrations have decreased by an order of magnitude from the 1970s to the mid-1990s (Huang et al, 1996).…”

Section: Fossil-fuel Combustionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

et al. 2003

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“…Atmospheric CH 3 Br main anthropogenic sources are fumigation processes used in agriculture and automobiles using leaded petrol [1], and some natural ones are the oceans [2,3] and the biomass burning [4,5]. This molecule significantly contributes to ozone depletion since CH 3 Br is dissociated by UV radiation, producing Br radicals that catalyze the destruction of ozone [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Line mixing calculation in the ν6 Q-branches of N2-broadened CH3Br at low temperatures

Gómez

Jacquemart

2009

Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy

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Abstract:In an early study [Tran H, Jacquemart D, Mandin JY, Lacome N, JQSRT 2008;109:119-31], line mixing effects of the  6 band of methyl bromide were observed and modeled at room temperature. In the present work, line mixing effects have been considered at low temperatures using state-to-state collisional rates which were modeled by a fitting law based on the energy gap and a few fitting parameters. To validate the model, several spectra of methyl bromide perturbed by nitrogen have been recorded at various temperatures (205-299K) and pressures . Comparisons between measured spectra and calculations using both direct calculation from relaxation operator and Rosenkranz profile have been performed showing improvement compared to the usual Lorentz profile. Note that the temperature dependence of the spectroscopic parameters has been taken into account using results of previous studies.

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“…Methyl bromide emissions into the atmosphere are of concern because of their contribution to stratospheric ozone depletion, however, the global budget of atmospheric lnethyl bromide is not well understood [Kt•o,lo et al, 1999, Thomas et al, 1997]. Major known sources of CH3Br emissions are motor vehicles burning leaded gasoline and agricultural and fumigant uses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of methyl bromide emissions from automobiles burning leaded gasoline using standardized vehicle testing procedures

Bertram

Kolowich

2000

Geophysical Research Letters

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Abstract. This study measured CH3Br emissions directly from vehicular exhaust while operating under standardized dynamometer conditions, and generated response curves to see if the bromine content of the fuel could be correlated to and used as a predictor for tailpipe emissions. Four lead and bromine fuel concentrations were run in two non-catalyst automobiles using the standard Federal Test Procedure (FTP) driving cycle and exhaust samples were analyzed for CH.•Br using Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD). Total FFP exhaust emissions of CH.•Br produced a range of average values from below detection to 26 mg (kg fuel burned) -•. Total FFP Emission Rates were plotted and response curves demonstrated that fuel bromine content was indeed predictive of CH3Br emission rates. Overall average CH3Br mass emission factor was 2.4% (2.1 -2.7%) which was lower than previous work. Emission results of this study were found to be about 10-fold lower than indirect methods.

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Bromine emissions from leaded gasoline

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

Inorganic bromine in the marine boundary layer: a critical review

Line mixing calculation in the ν6 Q-branches of N2-broadened CH3Br at low temperatures

A study of methyl bromide emissions from automobiles burning leaded gasoline using standardized vehicle testing procedures

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