Bromide-ion balance of a polder district with large-scale use of methyl bromide for soil fumigation

Wegman, R.C.C.; Hamaker, Ph.; Heer, H. de

doi:10.1016/0278-6915(83)90089-3

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…To further reduce MeBr emission, films with lower permeability should be used. Lesser permeable films such as Saranex replaced low density polyethylene film in glasshouse fumigation after 198 1 in the Netherlands, and lower MeBr emissions have been reported Hamaker et al, 1983;Wegman et al, 1983). Since MeBr is retained in the soil much longer under these relatively impermeable films, it was also possible to reduce the application rate from 50 g me2 to 20 g m-* without sacrificing the efficacy .…”

Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Surface Tarp On Methyl Brommentioning

confidence: 96%

Laboratory‐Scale Measurements and Simulations of Effect of Application Methods on Soil Methyl Bromide Emission

et al. 1997

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Methyl bromide (bromomethane, MeBr), which originates from the oceans, fumigation, and a few other sources, is reportedly contributing to the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. Due to the heavy reliance on this fumigant in the production of many crops, it is of particular importance to accurately quantify the atmospheric input of MeBr arising from agricultural uses, and develop feasible measures to minimize these emissions. In this study, we determined the effect of two important application variables, surface tarp and injection depth, on MeBr transport and transformation in the soil and its emission from the soil surface under controlled conditions. Following 20-and 30-cm injections, covering the soil surface with 1-mil (0.025 mm) high-density polyethylene film resulted in an average of 48% reduction in MeBr emission. Increasing the injection depth from 20 to 60 cm caused a decrease in MeBr emission of 54% under untarped conditions and 40% under tarped conditions. The influence of application methods on MeBr atmospheric emissions should be considered when estimating the contribution of agricultural fumigation to the overall atmospheric MeBr burden on a global scale. The results also indicate that MeBr emission after soil fumigation may be substantially minimized by using surface tarpaulins and deep injections.

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Section: Results and Discussion Effect Of Surface Tarp On Methyl Brommentioning

confidence: 96%

Laboratory‐Scale Measurements and Simulations of Effect of Application Methods on Soil Methyl Bromide Emission

et al. 1997

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“…This industrially used bromine often ends up as bromide released to surface waters. For instance, mining activities or the use of methyl bromide led to increased bromide concentrations in rivers. , Due to its negative charge and its conservative behavior, bromide also easily infiltrates from surface water to groundwater . Furthermore, scrubbers in coal-fired power plants , or incinerators retain bromine from exhaust gas, which is later released to surface waters as bromide by the discharge of wastewater of the scrubbers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Soltermann

Abegglen²,

Götz³

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

144

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Bromide measurements and mass balances in the catchments of major Swiss rivers revealed that chemical industry and municipal waste incinerators are the most important bromide sources and account for ∼50% and ∼20%, respectively, of the ∼2000 tons of bromide discharged in the Rhine river in 2014 in Switzerland. About 100 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will upgrade their treatment for micropollutant abatement in the future to comply with Swiss regulations. An upgrade with ozonation may lead to unintended bromate formation in bromide-containing wastewaters. Measured bromide concentrations were <0.05 mg L(-1) in ∼75% of 69 WWTPs, while they ranged from 0.4 to ∼50 mg L(-1) in WWTPs with specific bromide sources (e.g., municipal waste incinerators, landfill leachate, and chemical industry). Wastewater ozonation formed little bromate at specific ozone doses of ≤0.4 mg O3/mg DOC, while the bromate yields were almost linearly correlated to the specific ozone dose for higher ozone doses. Molar bromate yields for typical specific ozone doses in wastewater treatment (0.4-0.6 mg O3/mg DOC) are ≤3%. In a modeled extreme scenario (in which all upgraded WWTPs release 10 μg L(-1) of bromate), bromate concentrations increased by <0.4 μg L(-1) in major Swiss rivers and by several micrograms per liter in receiving water bodies with a high fraction of municipal wastewater.

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“…Bromide is included in several biocides for different applications. The use of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant can result in the leaching of the Br − ion and subsequent release through wastewaters (Wegman et al 1983). Sodium bromide is used as a biocide in industrial applications and recreational swimming pools (Bartolomé and Sánchez-Fortún 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of feeding and organism age on the acute toxicity of sodium bromide to Artemia salina

Pillard

Tapp²

2021

Ecotoxicology

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Bromide is a common ion found in freshwater and marine systems. Although normally at relatively low concentrations, higher levels may occur in point-released wastewaters as well as nonpoint runoff from agricultural or industrial locations where bromide compounds are used as biocides and disinfectants. In this study, the potential toxicity of NaBr in a saltwater environment was studied using the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The confounding factors of organism age at test initiation and pre-test feeding were included in the test design. Survival of brine shrimp nauplii in several NaBr treatments up to 11,000 mg Br − /L (measured) was assessed after 24 h in both fed-and unfed-tests. In tests with unfed organisms, only the youngest (< 24 h old) nauplii had acceptable control survival (≥90%), while control survival for all of the tests with fed organisms (< 24 h old, < 48 h old, < 72 h old) was acceptable. There was also greater and more erratic mortality in the unfed tests. These data indicate feeding A. salina prior to initiating a short-term acute test improved performance. Not feeding the test organisms, especially in longer tests or when using > 24 h old organisms, may result in excessive control mortality and an invalid test. These studies show that, when healthy organisms are used in the toxicity tests, 11,000 mg/L of Br − (~ 14,200 mg/L NaBr) is not acutely toxic to Artemia salina.

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Bromide-ion balance of a polder district with large-scale use of methyl bromide for soil fumigation

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Laboratory‐Scale Measurements and Simulations of Effect of Application Methods on Soil Methyl Bromide Emission

Laboratory‐Scale Measurements and Simulations of Effect of Application Methods on Soil Methyl Bromide Emission

Bromide Sources and Loads in Swiss Surface Waters and Their Relevance for Bromate Formation during Wastewater Ozonation

Influence of feeding and organism age on the acute toxicity of sodium bromide to Artemia salina

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