Bromhidrosis treatment modalities: A literature review

Malik, Aaqib; Porter, Caroline L; Feldman, Steven R.

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.030

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…11,15 Also, the paralleled double incision design better preserves the dermal vascular net than other incision shape manipulations. 10 In summary, this procedure proposes a great combination of satisfactory clinical efficiency and cosmetic incision appearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…[4][5][6][7] Surgical procedures, such as fat aspiration, apocrine sweat gland scraping, suction curettage, and small endoscopic incisions, are primarily aimed at removing the apocrine sweat glands. 1,3,[8][9][10][11][12][13] Surgical therapy is generally successful and complete, with up to 90 percent efficiency 14 and good clinical acceptability. However, these techniques bring up various complications (eg, gland scraping and suction curettage remove the apocrine sweat gland in an indirect vision), which induces extra injury on dermal blood vessel net and subcutaneous tissue, 11,15 while small endoscopic incisions usually produce an unsatisfactory scar due to the repeated manipulation through the incision.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Apocrine Gland Residue on Bromhidrosis Clinical Efficacy: A Self-controlled Case Series Study

Lan

Zhao

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Apocrine sweat gland excision is a successful surgical treatment for bromhidrosis used in clinical practice due to its efficacy and unobtrusive postoperative scar. However, a small quantity of apocrine sweat gland residue is an unavoidable intraoperative concern to minimize losses of the dermal vascular network induced by extensive excision of the apocrine sweat glands. However, the relationship between the degree of remaining glands and clinical efficacy is yet unknown. This study looked at the histopathology of preexcision and postexcision specimens from bromhidrosis patients to see a connection between residual apocrine sweat glands and clinical efficacy following apocrine sweat gland excision. Methods: Twenty-one patients with bromhidrosis were recruited from April 2018 to December 2020. In this study, a description self-controlled case series was applied, with the patient preoperative sample as the control. The entire axillary skin was excised before and immediately after apocrine sweat gland excision, and skin tissue hemotoxylin-and-eosin staining was conducted to assess and compare the remnant apocrine sweat glands. Furthermore, preoperative and 6-month postoperative NRS-11 odor scores were analyzed, as well as patient satisfaction after surgery. Results: All patients had variable degrees of apocrine sweat gland excision residue, but they all passed clinical cure criteria and presented a high patient satisfaction rate. Conclusions: Apocrine sweat gland excision with a small quantity of apocrine sweat gland remnant can nevertheless result in a favorable clinical outcome and high patient satisfaction of bromhidrosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Apocrine Gland Residue on Bromhidrosis Clinical Efficacy: A Self-controlled Case Series Study

Lan

Zhao

et al. 2022

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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“…AO is an unpleasant body odor or osmidrosis that occurs secondary to excessive secretion from the apocrine gland that becomes malodorous on bacterial activities (Semkova et al, 2015 ). In recent years, various therapeutic modalities have been developed to help address these concerns (Malik et al, 2021 ), including non-surgery treatment and surgery treatment (Natsch, 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Axillary Osmidrosis by Rebalancing Skin Microecology With Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Corynebacterium accounts for around 20% of the armpit microbiome and plays an essential role in axillary osmidrosis (AO). In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus bulgaricus treatment on the microecological environment of armpits and its efficacy in the treatment of AO were investigated. A total of 10 AO patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were treated with L. bulgaricus mixed with saline on the left armpit (experimental group) and pure saline on the right armpit (control group) for 28 days. After treatment, AO severity showed a significant decrease (p = 0.013) in the experimental group compared with the control group, and the Corynebacterium abundance also showed a corresponding significant decrease (p < 0.01). Moreover, no significant variation in Staphylococcus abundance was found between these two groups. The microbe diversity is not disturbed in the treatment. Accordingly, our study demonstrates that L. bulgaricus can serve as an effective probiotic microbe for AO treatment by reducing the abundance of Corynebacterium and rebalancing the microecological environment.

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“…However, some secondary metabolites are toxic, which can enhance bacterial virulence (6). Several secondary metabolites -including diacetyl or 2,3butanedione, a by-product of lactate -are derived from protein breakdown within sweat by skin bacteria can lead to bromhidrosis, a chronic condition in which excessive malodor can have adverse effects on a person's quality of life (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Analysis of Skin Malodor-Associated Compounds and Structure-based Prediction of Acetolactate Synthase Selective Sulfonylurea Inhibitors

Huang

2021

Preprint

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Bromhidrosis is characterized as a chronic condition related to malodor from the skin. The underlying etiology is from bacterial decompositions of glandular secretion products. However, specific pathways and metabolites for the disease are yet to be investigated. Here, twenty-eight metabolites, including fifteen major sweat constituents and thirteen compounds emitted from malodor-producing skin bacteria, were subjected to the metabometric analysis using Metaboanalyst. Different pathways in the butanoate metabolism revealed that acetolactate synthase (ALS) in skin Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) bacteria are catalyzing pyruvate to several malodor compounds like diacetyl. In the docking studies of the sulfonylurea-ALS interaction, five selected sulfonylureas, which originally were developed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, showed different binding free energies (ΔG) from chlorimuron ethyl - a well-known ALS sulfonylurea inhibitor. Amongst five sulfonylureas, gliquidone and glisoxepide were found to have free energy differences that were lower than or equal to chlorimuron ethyl, revealing their high affinities to ALS. In the future, further investigations of gliquidone and glisoxepide against ALS in skin bacteria would be crucial in repurposing these two sulfonylureas as new anti-bromhidrosis drugs.

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Bromhidrosis treatment modalities: A literature review

Cited by 8 publications

References 45 publications

Impact of Apocrine Gland Residue on Bromhidrosis Clinical Efficacy: A Self-controlled Case Series Study

Impact of Apocrine Gland Residue on Bromhidrosis Clinical Efficacy: A Self-controlled Case Series Study

Treatment of Axillary Osmidrosis by Rebalancing Skin Microecology With Lactobacillus bulgaricus

Metabolomic Analysis of Skin Malodor-Associated Compounds and Structure-based Prediction of Acetolactate Synthase Selective Sulfonylurea Inhibitors

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