Bromamine T, a stable active bromine compound, prevents the LPS‑induced inflammatory response

Abstract

Inflammation is the most common cause of most acute and chronic debilitating diseases. Towards unveiling novel therapeutic options for patients with such complications, N-bromotaurine (TauNHBr) has emerged as a potential anti-inflammatory agent; however, its therapeutic efficacy is hindered due to its relatively poor stability. To address this challenge, the present study focused on examining the effects of a stable active bromine compound, named bromamine T (BAT). The present study examined the protective properties of BAT against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in vitro , by using LPS-stimulated murine J774.A1 macrophages (Mφs), as well as in vivo , by using a murine LPS-mediated air-pouch model. Additionally, its efficacy was compared with that of taurine, a known potent anti-inflammatory molecule. In LPS-stimulated J774A.1 Mφs, BAT and taurine were very effective in reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. The in vitro experiments indicated that LPS-mediated inflammation was attenuated due to the protective properties of BAT and of taurine, probably through the inhibition of phosphorylated p65 NF-κB subunit (Ser 536) nuclear translocation. The in vivo experiments also revealed that BAT and taurine inhibited LPS-mediated inflammation by reducing total cell/polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) infiltration in the air-pouch and by decreasing pouch wall thickness. The analysis of exudates obtained from pouches highlighted that the inhibitory effects of BAT and taurine on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines were similar to those observed in vitro . Notably, the effect of BAT at the highest concentration tested was superior to that of taurine at the highest concentration. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that BAT prevents the LPS-induced inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo .

Bromamine-T (TsNBrNa): A Biologically Significant, Versatile Bromo-Organic Reagent

“…23 Kyriakopoulos and co-workers established that a chronic multibacterial scalp infection could be successfully treated upon combined topical application of N-chlorotaurine, Nbromotaurine and bromamine T. 24 Baliou et al successfully demonstrated that bromamine-T and taurine inhibited the nuclear translocation of the phosphorylated NF-κB p65 subunit (Ser536) in J774.A1 Μφs, establishing them as the effective LPS-induced inflammation inhibitors. 25…”

“…23 Kyriakopoulos and co-workers established that a chronic multibacterial scalp infection could be successfully treated upon combined topical application of N-chlorotaurine, N-bromotaurine and bromamine T. 24 Meanwhile, Baliou et al successfully demonstrated that bromamine-T and taurine inhibited the nuclear translocation of the phosphory-lated NF-B p65 subunit (Ser536) in J774A.1 macrophages, establishing them as effective lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation inhibitors. 25 3 Organic Transformations Using Bromamine-T Molecular bromine is not ideal as a brominating agent or a laboratory reagent due to its high toxicity, volatility and reactivity issues. This has led to the development of several safer, more selective and less toxic brominating agents.…”

Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan Air Pouch

“…In addition, a number of other agents that evoke an inflammatory or immune response can be injected into the air pouch in lieu of carrageenan. These include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin (Sin, Sedgwick, & Willoughby, 1984; Yoshino et al., 1984), mycobacteria (Castro, Esaguy, Macedo, Aguas, & Silva, 1991) or streptococcal bacteria (Chen et al., 2018), lipopolysaccharide (Baliou et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2020; Nakamura et al., 2001; Stubelius, Andersson, Islander, & Carlsten, 2017), zymosan (Kapellos et al., 2019; Yoon et al., 2005), sodium urate crystals (Iverson et al., 2018), and lipids (Kadl, Galkina, & Leitinger, 2009; Zhao et al., 2011). For this protocol, however, we focus on a single methodology for rats, with modifications for mice, that uses carrageenan as the inflammatory stimulus.…”