Britain, 1750-2000

Brassley, Paul

doi:10.1484/m.res-eb.5.108036

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…For example, the second half of the 19th century saw the increased import of South American guano as soil fertilizer (11), which had a double impact on bee and wasp floral resources: (i) increased grass productivity at the expense of wild flower diversity (12); and (ii) decline in reliance on strict rotational cropping. The latter would have included fallow years, in which nectar-rich weeds flourished, and a legume rotation offering resources favored by long-tongued bees (13).…”

Section: Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter would have included fallow years, in which nectar-rich weeds flourished, and a legume rotation offering resources favored by long-tongued bees (13). Additionally, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the area of arable and fodder crops declined by more than 55%, replaced by permanent grassland (11). After World War I, food security concerns led to agricultural reforms that further intensified farming in Britain.…”

Section: Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S4) (10). Several Gram-negative human pathogens, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae, scavenge host iron via surface receptors that bind and extract iron exclusively from the C lobe of transferrin (11)(12)(13). As the primary component of these bacterial receptors, TbpA is a transmembrane transporter that facilitates extraction and translocation of iron into the bacterial periplasm.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Extinctions of aculeate pollinators in Britain and the role of large-scale agricultural changes

Ollerton

Erenler

Edwards

et al. 2014

Science

353

307

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but have declined in species richness, geographical range and abundance (2-5). Previous studies have assessed the roles played by habitat destruction and loss of flower resources (4,5), and pesticides (6) over relatively modest time scales and geographical ranges.Analyses of regions are rare (7-10) and our understanding of the effects of humanmediated actions over longer periods is limited. Here we assess the bee and flowervisiting wasp species that have gone extinct in Britain, using 494,117 records held by the Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society (BWARS), probably the most detailed available for a single country. We define extinct species as those that have not been recorded for at least 20 years following their last observation, despite extensive efforts by members of BWARS and other naturalists.Twenty-three bee and flower-visiting wasp species have become extinct in Britain (Table 1), including formerly widespread species. We exclude single early records that cannot be verified as representing stable breeding populations, but include one species which has recolonized Britain after an absence of six decades (see Supplementary Materials).Since the mid 19 th century the pattern of British bee and wasp extinctions has been characterized by intervals of relative stability, in which few species were lost, interspersed with times when over three species per decade went extinct ( Figure 1, Table 2). These data indicate a period of relatively sustained extinctions from the late 1920s to the late 1950s, with other isolated extinction peaks before and after this time. These features are confirmed in Figure 2, where the average gradient indicates the relative extinction rate over a period, and the period of sustained extinctions is evident as the phase of maximum gradient during the mid 20 th century.The varying rates of extinctions were quantified by applying breakpoint analysis to the cumulative record. In this analysis, a piecewise linear model is fitted to data to reveal periods of approximately constant extinction rate, separated by breakpoints where the rate changes. The analysis was iterated for up to 10 breakpoints and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), confirmed by coefficient of determination (multiple-R 2 ), was used to establish the best model (see Supplementary Materials). For these data, changes in AIC and muliple-R 2 level off for two models having four breakpoints (Table S2). These are very similar, sharing the latter three breakpoints, and revealing effectively identical periods of approximately uniform extinction rate for the majority of the 20 th century (Table 2).Both models must be interpreted with caution as the data for 'year last recorded' may not equate to 'year last living'. Declines in populations due to habitat changes may mean a species went unrecorded for some years prior to the actual extinction. The robustness of the breakpoints to this potential ambiguity of the probability of the 'year last living' has been assessed and, whilst there is some sensitivity in the timing of the e...

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Section: Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinctions of aculeate pollinators in Britain and the role of large-scale agricultural changes

Ollerton

Erenler

Edwards

et al. 2014

Science

353

307

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“…Despite, the supply problems depended on the place and electricity generating system. In general, they were greater when electricity was generated through thermal coal-fired power stations located far away, requiring the development of an extensive network, as in the case of England (Brassley, 2017). On the contrary, supply problems were reduced in cases where the generation of hydroelectricity was possible in points dispersed across the territory, such as in Sweden (Martiin, 2017) or Canada (Sandwell, 2017).…”

Section: Rural Electrification From a Historical Perspective: A Brief...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A paradigmatic case is that of the United Kingdom, which nationalised the electricity network in 1948 with the objective, among others, of ensuring rural electrification at affordable prices (Sheail, 2017). 2 From this moment, and in a very short period of time, rural electrification expanded quantitatively and qualitatively and the electricity purchased by English farms measured in millions of kWh multiplied more than tenfold between 1945 and 1955 (Brassley, 2017). France nationalised the industry in 1946 and, from then, rural electrification advanced considerably, reaching 91 per cent of the rural population in 1954 and 98.5 per cent in 1960 (Nadaud, 2005).…”

Section: Rural Electrification From a Historical Perspective: A Brief...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural electrification in Spain: territorial expansion and effects on the agricultural sector (c. 1900–c. 2000)

Garrués-Irurzun

Goñi

2022

Rural History

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Rural electrification is closely linked one way or another to rural development, and enables the understanding of the complexity of social and economic development paths. The objective of this work is to analyse rural electrification in a European peripherical country like Spain throughout the twentieth century, contributing to the international debate on the issue. The article studies the territorial expansion of electricity in the Spanish countryside, tracing different phases and explaining the delay in the construction of a national network. It also analyses the relationship that arose in the long term between electrification and the evolution of the agricultural sector. The article concludes that, in the Spanish case, rural electrification played a modest role in agricultural change until the 1980s and was, to a great extent, the consequence, rather than the cause, of the modernisation of the sector to these years.

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Introduction: Recycling: the industrial city and its surrounding countryside, 1750-1940

Herment

Roux

2017

Journal for the History of Environment and Society

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Britain, 1750-2000

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Extinctions of aculeate pollinators in Britain and the role of large-scale agricultural changes

Extinctions of aculeate pollinators in Britain and the role of large-scale agricultural changes

Rural electrification in Spain: territorial expansion and effects on the agricultural sector (c. 1900–c. 2000)

Introduction: Recycling: the industrial city and its surrounding countryside, 1750-1940

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