Bremsung der ?-Strahlen in Fl�ssigkeiten und. D�mpfen

Stopping cross-sections of liquid water and water vapour for alpha particles within the energy region 0.3 to 5.5 MeV

“…In fact, very few stopping power determinations for liquids have been carried out, although condensed media in the liquid state minimise the structure effects that can influence results for solids. Early published ranges for specific-energy natural aparticles in water and some organic liquids indicate that stopping power is greater than in the corresponding vapour (Michl 1914, Philipp 1923, which is supported by the Appleyard (1951) differential stopping power value for alphas of energy around 4.5 MeV in liquid water. However, De Carvalho and Yagoda (1952), measuring alpha ranges in liquid water and heavy and normal ice and comparing with those in vapour, showed little phase difference.…”

Radiation Dosimetry and Protection

“…The stopping power of water has been recently studied by de Carvalho & Yagoda (100) who find [at variance with previously published results (101,102,103)) that the molecular stopping powers of both H20 and D20 are identical in magnitude irrespective of the state of the medium. Similarly, experiments by Ellis, Rossi & Failla (104) and Wilkinson (105) show that, within the reported experimental error of ± 2 per cent the molecular stopping powers for Po a's in polystyrene and polythene are respectively identical tc?…”

Radiation Chemistry. IV. An Interpretation of the Effect of State on the Behavior of Some Organic Compounds and Solutions

“…As a matter of fact, in the range of cases studied by Gibson and Eyring the additive rule was correct within about 4 per cent. An effect is obviously to be sought in the difference between the liquid and the gaseous states, but Philipp (16) found that the additive rule holds for all vapors and normal liquids (e.g., benzene and pyridine) studied, although values smaller than the true ones are found for associated liquids such as water and alcohol.…”