Breeding Wild Rice

Grombacher, A. W.; Porter, R. A.; Everett, Leslie A.

doi:10.1002/9780470650073.ch8

Cited by 16 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The first leaf develops (Stage 10) and unfolds, followed by the second (Stage 11) and third (Stage 12) submerged leaves. The next one or two leaves have a thick, waxy cuticle causing them to float on the water surface also known as the floating leaf stage (Stage 13) (Grombacher et al, ; Oelke, ; Oelke et al, ). This stage is followed by the emergence of the first above‐water aerial leaves (Stages 14 and 15).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the development of the second aerial leaf (Stage 15), the first tiller may become visible. Tiller development is dependent on plant density as well as growth conditions (Grombacher et al, ; Oelke, ; Oelke et al, ). Tiller number can range from 0 to 50 per plant (Oelke et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Principal Phenological Stage 5 (PPS5) describes head or panicle development (Table ). The top 40% of the NWR panicle is the female inflorescence (Stages 51–54), which may express fully receptive stigma upon emergence from the flag leaf sheath (Grombacher et al, ). Female inflorescence length ranged from 6.00 to 42.00 cm with an average of 17.82 cm (Table ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many traits, including tillering, flower emergence, and pollen release, within NWR are still largely asynchronous (over a 10–14 day period) within commercial cultivars. Non‐uniform ripening of seed on each panicle and between panicles on the same plant also remains prevalent in cultivated germplasm, highlighting the need for more uniform cultivars (Grombacher, Porter, & Everett, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite NWR being grown commercially for over 60 years, a precise description of its phenological stages has not been proposed. The phenology of a species, which consists of biological events such as germination, flowering, and fruit development, is largely dependent on seasonal changes, unique microclimates, and latitude (Grombacher et al, ; Oelke, ; Oelke et al, ). In agronomic settings, crop phenology can dictate best management practices such as fertilisation and pest control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Duquette

Kimball

2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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Cultivated northern wild rice (NWR), Zizania palustris L., is an aquatic grass native to North America that is grown in paddies and harvested for its grain. Domestication of the species began in Minnesota in the early 1950s to provide a stable source of the grain for food processors and to utilise marginal agricultural land. The University of Minnesota has been conducting breeding research on NWR since the 1960s. However, a detailed description of the species phenological stages has not been documented, which would help to standardise results across studies, aid in building accurate crop models, and improve the efficacy of time-sensitive crop management practices. We present here a phenological scale of cultivated NWR based on the widely adopted Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, a system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar stages in plant species ' (Bleiholder et al., Gesunde Pflanzen, 1989, 41, 381-384; Meier et al., Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Braunschweig), 1993, 45(2), 37-41). Data were collected in lab, greenhouse, and field settings at the North Central Research and Outreach Center at the University of Minnesota in Grand Rapids, MN. Ten principal and secondary phenological stages are described using the two-digit BBCH coding system. The description and coding of the scale covers the principal periods from seed storage to seed harvest. K E Y W O R D SBBCH scale, northern wild rice, phenological stages, phenology, Zizania palustris

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Duquette

Kimball

2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

et al. 2021

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Northern wild rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is a wind‐pollinated, annual, aquatic grass that grows naturally in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada and is also cultivated in flooded paddies, predominantly in California and Minnesota. A better understanding of pollen‐mediated gene flow is needed within the species for both conservation and breeding efforts as cultivation occurs within the species’ natural range and spatially‐isolated, paddy structures are limited within breeding programs. Widely‐cited pollen travel research in NWR demonstrated that pollen could travel at least 3200 m. However, a population segregating for male sterility was used as the pollen recipient in the study and was determined to not be adequate for NWR pollen travel studies. Here, we present the characterization of a recessive white male floret (WMF) population in contrast to the dominant, purple male floret (PMF) color of cultivated NWR along with estimates of pollen‐mediated gene flow in a cultivated paddy setting. Studies conducted in 2018 and 2019 revealed that the primary amount of pollen‐mediated gene flow occurred within the first 7 m from the PMF donor source with no gene flow detected past 63 m. These results suggest that the likelihood of pollen‐mediated gene flow between cultivated NWR and natural stands remains low. We also identified a strong linkage between male floret, collar, and culm color. This study demonstrates that the WMF trait is an excellent candidate for use in pollen‐mediated gene flow studies in NWR.

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Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) breeding, genetics, and conservation

et al. 2023

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Cultivated Northern Wild Rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is a high‐value, small commodity crop grown in irrigated paddies, primarily in Minnesota and California. Domestication of the species began ∼60 years ago as demand for the nutritional grain outpaced hand‐harvesting efforts from lakes and rivers in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Cultivated NWR cultivars are open‐pollinated and highly heterogeneous and have primarily been bred for seed retention, yield, and seed size. As a lowland crop, NWR's life cycle, particularly its unique seed physiology, poses challenges to breeding efforts, limiting selection cycles per year, and requiring annual grow‐outs of all germplasm. Recent efforts have increased the genomic resources available to NWR researchers, including a reference genome assembly and methodology optimization for genotyping‐by‐sequencing technologies. The species’ close phylogenetic relationship with white rice (Oryza sativa) also provides a unique opportunity to utilize comparative genomic approaches to identify genes conferring agronomic traits of interest in NWR, particularly domestication traits such as seed retention. Z. palustris is an enigmatic species with regional ecological, cultural, and agricultural significance in the Great Lakes. As NWR is grown in both the centers of origin and diversity, it is important for NWR plant breeders to be good stewards of our domesticated plants and include a diversity of stakeholders in our decision‐making processes. In this work, we have aimed to unpack some of the disputes regarding the breeding of cultivated NWR and the science behind our work. Additionally, we have discussed conservation efforts for natural stands of NWR which will help preserve the many ecosystem, nutritional, spiritual, and economic services provided by this important species.

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Breeding Wild Rice

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) breeding, genetics, and conservation

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