Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Duquette, Jacques; Kimball, Jennifer

doi:10.1111/aab.12588

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…However, we also investigated the relationship between the color of male florets, culms, and collars, where the leaf blade and sheath join (Figure 1c) and d). The limited recombination between these three traits indicates they are tightly linked, which will be useful for progeny testing in future pollen‐mediated gene flow studies using the WMF trait, as culm and collar color can be evaluated at much earlier stages of development (e.g., PPS 14 compared with PPS 56; Duquette et al., 2020). The co‐localization and linkage of anthocyanin genes in other species as expressed in the anther, stigma, culm and/or collar has been well documented (Abe et al., 2002; Cavagnaro et al., 2014 ; Meng et al., 2021; Li et al., 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

et al. 2021

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Northern wild rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is a wind‐pollinated, annual, aquatic grass that grows naturally in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada and is also cultivated in flooded paddies, predominantly in California and Minnesota. A better understanding of pollen‐mediated gene flow is needed within the species for both conservation and breeding efforts as cultivation occurs within the species’ natural range and spatially‐isolated, paddy structures are limited within breeding programs. Widely‐cited pollen travel research in NWR demonstrated that pollen could travel at least 3200 m. However, a population segregating for male sterility was used as the pollen recipient in the study and was determined to not be adequate for NWR pollen travel studies. Here, we present the characterization of a recessive white male floret (WMF) population in contrast to the dominant, purple male floret (PMF) color of cultivated NWR along with estimates of pollen‐mediated gene flow in a cultivated paddy setting. Studies conducted in 2018 and 2019 revealed that the primary amount of pollen‐mediated gene flow occurred within the first 7 m from the PMF donor source with no gene flow detected past 63 m. These results suggest that the likelihood of pollen‐mediated gene flow between cultivated NWR and natural stands remains low. We also identified a strong linkage between male floret, collar, and culm color. This study demonstrates that the WMF trait is an excellent candidate for use in pollen‐mediated gene flow studies in NWR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

et al. 2021

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“…At harvest, mature seeds are dormant and require 3-5 months of stratification in 1-3˚C cold water to germinate (Elliott, 1980;McGilp et al, 2022). A thorough review of the phenology of NWR can be found in Duquette and Kimball, 2020. Northern Wild Rice is a monoecious species with pistillate spikelets at the top of the panicle (∼60% of the panicle) and staminate spikelets at the bottom (∼40%) (Figure 2). Pistillate branches emerge first, bearing 10-30 single flo-ret spikelets with awns (Aiken, 1988).…”

Section: Zizania Latifolia (2015)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To begin, seeds germinate while submerged in water and after ∼3 weeks, three submerged leaves are present (Grombacher et al., 1997). The next two leaves develop a waxy cuticle that allows the leaves to float on the water, known as the floating leaf stage (Duquette & Kimball, 2020). Subsequent leaves become aerial as the stem grows erect out of the water (∼4–5 weeks after germination).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) breeding, genetics, and conservation

et al. 2023

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Cultivated Northern Wild Rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is a high‐value, small commodity crop grown in irrigated paddies, primarily in Minnesota and California. Domestication of the species began ∼60 years ago as demand for the nutritional grain outpaced hand‐harvesting efforts from lakes and rivers in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Cultivated NWR cultivars are open‐pollinated and highly heterogeneous and have primarily been bred for seed retention, yield, and seed size. As a lowland crop, NWR's life cycle, particularly its unique seed physiology, poses challenges to breeding efforts, limiting selection cycles per year, and requiring annual grow‐outs of all germplasm. Recent efforts have increased the genomic resources available to NWR researchers, including a reference genome assembly and methodology optimization for genotyping‐by‐sequencing technologies. The species’ close phylogenetic relationship with white rice (Oryza sativa) also provides a unique opportunity to utilize comparative genomic approaches to identify genes conferring agronomic traits of interest in NWR, particularly domestication traits such as seed retention. Z. palustris is an enigmatic species with regional ecological, cultural, and agricultural significance in the Great Lakes. As NWR is grown in both the centers of origin and diversity, it is important for NWR plant breeders to be good stewards of our domesticated plants and include a diversity of stakeholders in our decision‐making processes. In this work, we have aimed to unpack some of the disputes regarding the breeding of cultivated NWR and the science behind our work. Additionally, we have discussed conservation efforts for natural stands of NWR which will help preserve the many ecosystem, nutritional, spiritual, and economic services provided by this important species.

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“…A preliminary scan of genes in these regions show a preponderance of drought tolerance-related genes. Unlike wild populations of NWR, cultivated NWR is grown in man-made irrigated paddies, which are drained during or shortly after flowering (principal phenological stage 6; Duquette and Kimball, 2020) to allow for mechanical harvesting of the grain. Therefore, during production, cultivated NWR experiences conditions similar to upland crops where standing water is not available during the development of fruit, ripening, and senescence.…”

Section: Genome-wide Scans For Selection Signatures In Cultivated Nor...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Stewardship of Wild Species and Their Domesticated Counterparts: A Case Study in Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustrisL.)

Haas

McGilp

Shao

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Northern Wild Rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) is an aquatic annual grass with significant ecological, cultural, and economic importance to the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. Understanding the genetic diversity of NWR is essential to conservation efforts. In this study, we assembled and genotyped a diverse collection of 789 NWR individuals using genotyping-by-sequencing and obtained 5,955 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our collection consisted of samples from 12 wild NWR populations, some of which were collected temporally, a representative sampling of cultivated NWR germplasm, and a Zizania aquatica population (outgroup). Using these data, we characterized the genetic diversity, relatedness, and population structure of this broad collection of NWR genotypes. We found that wild populations of NWR clustered primarily by their lake or river of origin as well as larger clustering patterns based on watershed assignment. Contextualizing some clustering patterns with historical knowledge of ecosystem management helped to unravel some of the complexity of the population structure of wild populations. Cultivated materials were genetically distinct from wild populations, suggesting limited gene flow between the semi-domesticated crop and its wild counterparts. Estimates of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in NWR demonstrated that LD decays quickly across the genome and provided insights into the quality of the reference genome assembly of NWR. The first genome-wide scans of putative selection events in cultivated NWR were also evaluated. Overall, this study presents a large set of new SNP markers for use in NWR genetic studies as well as new insights into the gene flow, history, and complexity of wild and cultivated populations of NWR.

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Phenological stages of cultivated northern wild rice according to the BBCH scale

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

Recessive male floret color for tracking gene flow in cultivated northern wild rice (Zizania palustris L.)

Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) breeding, genetics, and conservation

Towards Stewardship of Wild Species and Their Domesticated Counterparts: A Case Study in Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustrisL.)

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