Breeding Spring Soft Wheat for Productivity, Grain Quality, and Resistance to Adverse External Factors in Nothern Kazakhstan

Abstract

Spring wheat is the main export crop in Kazakhstan. The main share of the grain sold on the world market is the grain of spring wheat grown in Northern Kazakhstan, where the acreage used for this crop reaches 85%, which is about 10 mln ha. Moisture deficiency is the main limiting factor in increasing the yield of spring wheat; in this region, the average annual precipitation is 320-350 mm. Droughts of varying intensity have periodically occurred 2-3 times within the previous five years. Therefore, the yield variability is high and reaches 30% or more. Another reason for the low yield is the occurrence of wheat diseases. Brown rust and Septoria blight are the most common diseases in the region. Upon the joint manifestation of these diseases, the loss of grain yield may reach 30-40%. The research was aimed at creating a drought-resistant, productive, high-quality variety of spring wheat adapted to changes in the environmental conditions. The method of studying has been generally adopted in breeding and genetic studies. In the competitive grade testing, 40 promising lines of spring soft wheat were studied. Line 371/06 had an average yield of 2.54 t/ha, which was higher by 0.48 t/ha than in the standard, and ripened at this level. Over the three years of study, this line has significantly exceeded the Astana variety in terms of the yield. Line 371/06, which has Lr37/Sr38 genes in its genotype, is characterized by group resistance to brown and stem rust. The content of protein in this line amounted on average to 15.22%, which was by 1.38% higher than in the standard Astana variety. By the gluten content, the excess over the standard reached 2.8%. Over the three years of studying the 40 spring wheat lines, line 371/06 has been chosen, which is high-yielding, resistant to droughts, leaf and stem rust, and is of high grain quality. In 2018, line 371/06 was sent for state grade testing under the name of Taymas.

Influence of the North Kazakhstan Plains Weather on the Productivity of the Spring Soft Wheat

“…Most of Kazakhstan's export grain is spring wheat grown in the north of the country, where the sown area under this crop reaches 85%, which amounts to about 10 million acres. The main factors influencing the high variability of yields of this crop in this region and limiting its productivity over the past fifteen to twenty years are moisture deficit (average annual rainfall of 320-350 mm) on the background of a drought of various intensity, as the most common and dangerous agrometeorological phenomenon in Kazakhstan, as well as heavy rainfall, hail, frost (Babkenov et al, 2020;Karatayev et al, 2022). From 2005-2010 in the territory of Kazakhstan, the crops were almost destroyed.…”

Parameters Substantiation of Headers and Reaper-Headers for Various Classes Combine Harvesters in the Incomplete Loading Mode of the Thresher

“…Среднемноголетняя урожайность зерновых в регионе составляет около 1,1 т/га, при варьировании в южных и северных районах от 0,8 до 2,0 т/га [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. При этом в условиях конкретного хозяйства отклонение от среднего показателя по годам составляет ±0,5 т/га.…”

Impact of New Varieties on the Yield and Quality of Wheat, Oats, and Sudangrass in North-Eastern Kazakhstan

“…Breeding and seed production of agricultural crops can solve the problem of shortage and diversity of varieties not only in conventional crop production but also in organic crop production [6][7][8]. The contribution of breeding and seed production to increasing the yield of grain crops is estimated by a number of researchers at 30-70%, and considering global climate changes, in their opinion, it can only grow [9,10]. According to Dagnoko et al [11], the use of high-quality seed material of newly approved varieties of agricultural crops increases their yield by 20-25%, while the higher cost of 1 kg of elite seeds (KZT 14000) compared to 1 kg of commercial grain (KZT 8000) provides high economic efficiency [12].…”