The authors showed that in Kazakhstan northern region grain harvesters of 4, 5 and 6 classes did not provide the required level of productivity due to low yields. Longer harvesting period increased product losses. It was found that the harvesting machines were working in the incomplete loading mode of the thresher. The authors revealed the discrepancy between the standard sizes of the used reaping machines and regional zonal features.(Research purpose) To substantiate the parameters of headers and reaper-headers for combine harvesters in the incomplete loading mode of the thresher.(Materials and methods) The authors performed technical and economic calculations according to the criterion of operating costs for direct combining with a yield of 0.5 to 2.5 tons per hectare. The calculation was carried out for combine harvesters Vector-410 (class 4), Acros-550 (class 5), Essil-760 (class 6), aggregated with headers of different working widths.(Results and discussion) The authors determined that for the combine Vector-410 the rational width of the header was 9 meters in the yield range of 0.5-1.5 tons per hectare, and with a yield of 2.0-2.5 tons per hectare – 7-9 meters. For the combine Acros-550 the rational width of the reaper-header was 16 meters with a yield of 0.5-1.0 tons per hectare, with 1.5 tons per hectare - 9-12 meters, and with 2.0-2.5 tons per hectare – 7-9 meters. For the combine Essil-760 these values were 16; 12 and 9 meters respectively.(Conclusions) It was found that when comparing grain harvesters of 4, 5 and 6 classes with a yield of 0.5-2.0 tons per hectare, the lowest operating costs were provided by Acros-550 and Essil-760; with a yield of 2.0 tons per hectare - Vector-410; with a yield of 2.5 tons per hectare the Acros-550 was more effective.
The fleet of combine harvesters in the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-class harvesters, and 3- and 4- class harvesters make up for almost 82% of the fleet. According to the data provided by the Kazakhstan Ministry of Agriculture, 60% of grain harvesters have a lifespan of more than 10 years. (Research purpose) To determine the range of grain harvesters and headers for Kazakhstan regions in view of ongoing technical re-equipment. (Materials and methods) The range of grain harvesters should be determined according to the yield of harvested crops, the size of crop area on separate farms and in the region, the availability of machine operators as well as climatic conditions of the regions. (Results and discussions). The authors have analyzed the actual yield of grain crops in Kazakhstan regions, determined its possible expected level, and analyzed the number of machine operators required for available crop area, the number of small, medium and large-scale farms and climatic conditions during the harvest period in Kazakhstan regions. The efficiency of harvesters of different classes with headers of various operating width has been estimated taking into account the expected yield. Matching the obtained results to the yield data, organizational-and-economic and climatic conditions, and introducing appropriate limits, the authors have determined the range of grain harvesters for Kazakhstan regions. (Summary) It has been found that the harvesters of class 5, 6 and 4 are more effective under conditions of northern and central Kazakhstan regions provided they are equipped with wide-cut headers for direct harvesting. In southern, western and eastern Kazakhstan regions, where grain crops are cultivated on dry soils with an insufficient moisture content, combine harvesters of class 3 and 4 should be primarily used.
Cultivation of crops is associated with multiple passes of machine units through the fields. The cumulative effect of soil compaction caused by repeated impacts of movers of machine units is considered as especially dangerous. The most intensive compaction process occurres in spring. The repeated passes of heavy machines and the compaction of surface and subsurface soil horizons lead to the decrease in yield potential of fields. The solving of compaction problem depends on the soil and climatic conditions, zonal cultivation technologies and crop harvesting, and on the machine system in operation. When forming the machine and tractor fleet of enterprises, the selection of general-purpose tractors serves as a basis. The least negative impact on the soil occurs when crawler tractors are used. The advantage of wheeled tractors is the possibility of their use for both field works and transport operations. But today the wheeled tractors are hardly used for transport operations because of their increased weight and power, which shows the necessity of use of such heavy crawler tractors as Ruslan and Challenger. Their use in combination with wheeled tractors of middle class allows to improve significantly the structure of machine and tractor fleet. The main power unit for farm enterprises with 1000 hectares of arable land is a general-purpose tractor of the 3rd traction class. The use of the HTZ-150K-09 tractor with 23.1R26 low-pressure tires with the air pressure of 80 kPa provides a permissible impact on the soil. The soil density in the surface layer reduces to 0.06 grams per cubic centimetre as compared to the use of 21.3R24 single wheels. This allows to put such tractor in operation for spring field works.
The article analyzes the ways of embedding of green manure into soil; it describes the design and technological schemes of implements which can be used in organic farming technology for realization of these ways. The purpose of the research is to develop the implements for embedding of stubble remains and green manure into the surface soil, which will increase the productivity and provide proper quality of technological process. It is an actual problem at present, when the use of stubble remains and green manure with other factors gives wide range of opportunities to increase the soil fertility. Theoretical and experimental methods used in the research are based on application of the fundamentals of agricultural mechanics, the theory of agricultural machines and measurement methods regulated by standards. The article presents the results of theoretical research that substantiates the design and technological schemes of two implements. The first implement is intended for plants shredding and mulch forming on the surface of soil; the second one is for shredding of green manure and stubble remains and their embedding into the surface soil. The parameters of compacting roller with shredding elements that is a basic working organ of both implements are substantiated. The results of experimental researches are presented; they confirm the results of theoretical research on substantiation of parameters of compacting roller. It is concluded that the use of suggested implements in organic farming technology provides high-quality plants shredding and mulch forming on the surface of soil, as well as shredding of green manure and stubble remains and their embedding into the surface soil.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.