Breath tests in Western Australia: Examining the economic dividends and effectiveness of general deterrence

Factors Influencing Participation in Equity Crowdfunding Indonesia

“…Australian Institute of Criminology ( 2004) on the research of Parmar et al (2020) states that public deterrents has impact by communicating that certain actions and behaviors are unacceptable and that legal sanctions for this behavior are imminent, definite, and severe. Prevention theory also argues that an offender can gain an understanding of the certainty, severity, and speed of punishment either on personal or vicarious experience.…”

Determining a dosage threshold of drink‐driving enforcement operations: A systematic review

“…Eleven studies included drink driving enforcement activities only, such as RBTs, sobriety checkpoints, saturation patrols, drink driving arrests or a combination of these [19,21,22,26,27,[29][30][31][32][33]36]. An additional seven studies examined the effect of drink driving enforcement coordinated with publicity activities to increase the visibility of the enforcement [17,18,20,24,25,28,34].…”

“…Drink driving-related outcomes of interest varied among the studies, with some studies using more than one outcome (n = 5). Studies that focused on alcohol-related traffic crashes (ARTC) as the primary outcome of interest (n = 13) used various measures, including single-vehicle night-time crashes [20,23,24,26,34], number of crashes in which at least one victim was injured and required medical treatment, or in which there was more than $1000 (USD) of property damage [33], crash rate calculated as total driving under the influence (DUI)-related crashes among licensed drivers (multiplied by 1000) [29], alcohol-related fatalities [22,25,36], rate of crashes associated with alcohol-positive driving [21] and crash rates involving at least one driver with a BAC of 0.05 g/ml or greater [19,30].…”

“…Based on their findings, the authors of eight studies drew conclusions about a specific dose-response effect of enforcement operations [19,21,22,27,[30][31][32]36]. Two of these used the same measures of dosage and outcomes, based on a level of dosage recommended in a 1997 report to the Australian Federal Office of Traffic Safety [37].…”

“…Two of these used the same measures of dosage and outcomes, based on a level of dosage recommended in a 1997 report to the Australian Federal Office of Traffic Safety [37]. Both studies were conducted in Australia with similar populations, and had consistent findings [19,30]. The authors of both Australian studies concluded that jurisdictions with a ratio of one random breath test per licensed driver per year reported declining trends in alcohol-related traffic crashes and lower rates of self-reported drink driving compared to jurisdictions with ratios of 1:2 or 1:3.…”