Breath Analysis for the In Vivo Detection of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Abstract

Human breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has gained significant attention recently because of its rapid and noninvasive potential to detect various metabolic diseases. The detection of ketones in the breath and blood is key to diagnosing and managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in patients with type 1 diabetes. It may also be of increasing importance to detect euglycemic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or heart failure, treated with sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i). The present research evaluates the efficiency of colorimetry for detecting acetone and ethanol in exhaled human breath with the response time, pH effect, temperature effect, concentration effect, and selectivity of dyes. Using the proposed multidye system, we obtained a detection limit of 0.0217 ppm for acetone and 0.029 ppm for ethanol in the detection range of 0.05−50 ppm. A smartphone-assisted unit consisting of a portable colorimetric device was used to detect relative red/green/blue values within 60 s of the interface for practical and real-time application. The developed method could be used for rapid, low-cost detection of ketones in patients with type 1 diabetes and DKA and patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or heart failure treated with SGLT2-I and euglycemic ketoacidosis.

Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensing of CO2 for biomedical applications

“…At a concentration of CO 2 as low as 50 ppm, the apparent color shift may be identified, providing a simple way to detect CO 2 with the naked eye. The following might be the chemical reaction behind the color change in the case of m-cresol purple with CO 2 (Elhadd et al ( 2020 ); Rini et al 2004 ; Roberts and Danckwerts 1962 ; Sha et al 2022 ). …”

“…This occurrence frequently occurs in highly conjugated systems. Nevertheless, it is frequently solvent-dependent and may result from electronic transitions between the various vibrational energy levels that each potential electronic state can support (Sha et al 2022 ).…”

A smartphone-interfaced, low-cost colorimetry biosensor for selective detection of bronchiectasisviaan artificial neural network

“…Compared to the acidic and basic medium, the neutral KMnO 4 solution exhibits high assay performance with a 1, 7, 13, and 27 s response time for 5, 3, 0.3, and 0.03 ppm, respectively. Redox reaction of KMnO 4 is given by eqn (5).…”

“…Breath analysis is done by either monitoring EB in the gas phase or tracking it in the aqueous phase. 4,5 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is an excellent example and one of the crucial markers in treating numerous diseases. 6 The EB of people with asthma, systemic inammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchiectasis, systemic sclerosis, cystic brosis, systemic inammation, uremia, and pneumonia have elevated levels of H 2 O 2 (see Table 1).…”

Application of Metal–Organic Framework in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes

“…Compared to traditional invasive blood sampling, breath analysis is a noninvasive method suitable for frequent blood glucose monitoring. Acetone (ACE), a ketone produced when the body is forced to use stored fat as its primary source of energy, is now a widely accepted biomarker of diabetes [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. Similarly, other immunological indicators have also been used as indicators to detect blood glucose levels, for example, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) [ 57 ], INS [ 58 ], retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) [ 59 ], tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [ 60 ], and so on.…”