Breastfeeding or Breastmilk to Alleviate Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Systematic Review

Shah, Prakesh S.; Aliwalas, Lucia Liz; Shah, Vibhuti

doi:10.1089/bfm.2006.0031

Cited by 41 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…9 Breastfeeding combines several analgesic effects (a comforting person [mother], skinto-skin contact, diversion of attention, and the sweetness of lactose) as effective for procedural pain. [23][24][25] Unfortunately, if the mother is no longer breastfeeding or if she would rather not breastfeed while the baby receives immunizations, than alternative analgesic techniques are necessary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations

et al. 2012

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Pain during routine infant immunization causes parental anxiety. Oral sucrose solutions are effective pain-reduction strategies. Few studies have measured a combined strategy of a physical intervention along with sucrose to decrease the infant' s pain response. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:We demonstrate that a physical, nonpharmacological intervention called the 5 S' s (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) provides significant pain reduction with or without sucrose during routine 2-and 4-month vaccinations. abstract BACKGROUND: To measure the analgesic effectiveness of the 5 S's (swaddling, side/stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) alone and combined with sucrose, during routine immunizations at 2 and 4 months. METHODS:We conducted a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 2-and 4-month-old infants during well-child visits. Patients were assigned into 4 groups (2 3 2) receiving either 2 mL of water or 2 mL of 24% oral sucrose and then either standard-of-care comfort measures by parents or intervention with the 5 S's immediately postvaccination. The Modified Riley Pain Score was used to score the infants' pain at 15-second intervals for 2 minutes, then every 30 seconds up to 5 minutes postvaccination. Repeated-measures analysis of variance examined between group differences and within-subject variability of treatment effect on overall pain scores and length of crying. RESULTS:Two hundred thirty infants were enrolled. Results revealed significantly different mean pain scores between study groups with the exception of the 5S' s and 5S' s with sucrose groups. These 2 groups had lower similar mean scores over time, followed by sucrose alone, then control. The same trend was found with the proportion of children crying as with the mean pain score outcome measure.CONCLUSIONS: Physical intervention of the 5 S's (swaddling, side/ stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking) provided decreased pain scores on a validated pain scale and decreased crying time among 2-and 4-month-old infants during routine vaccinations. The use of 5S's did not differ from 5S's and sucrose.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations

et al. 2012

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“…16 Breastfeeding is considered a combined analgesic intervention because several aspects of breastfeeding (e.g., holding the child, skin-to-skin contact, the sweet-tasting milk and the act of sucking) may individually attenuate pain responses.…”

Section: Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Offering breast milk or formula via a bottle should not be considered a substitute for breastfeeding as a method of reducing pain. 16 There are no reports of adverse events, such as gagging or spitting up. Compared with the frequency of breastfeeding, vaccine injections are uncommon, and it is unlikely that an infant will associate breastfeeding with painful procedures.…”

Section: Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline

Taddio¹,

Appleton²,

Bortolussi³

et al. 2010

Canadian Medical Association Journal

193

199

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“…34 On the other hand, a systematic literature review that compared the reaction of newborns who were breastfed or who received expressed breast milk during painful procedures with controls (placebo, pacifier, sugary solutions or position) concluded that the breastfed group showed a lower increase in heart rate and cried less than the group who used the pacifier or was wrapped in swaddling cloths. 35 This review also showed that the effect of the administration of sugary solutions is similar to the effect caused by breastfeeding. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary so that the effect of expressed breast milk can be understood in such situations.…”

Section: Psychologymentioning

confidence: 89%

Uso de chupeta: história e visão multidisciplinar

Castilho¹,

Rocha²

2009

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objectives: To review the history of pacifiers and to compile a multidisciplinary literature review, searching for pros and cons with the purpose of providing health professionals with arguments when parents request guidance.Sources: History and art books, as well as non-medical literature and museums were used in the historical survey. Multidisciplinary data were collected from MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and The Cochrane Library. Search criteria were: the keyword "pacifiers" present in articles published in the last 5 years that included abstract and were written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Summary of the findings:There is evidence that their precursors have been used since the Neolithic Period to calm down children. Small balls made of fabric containing food were portrayed in paintings. Other balls made of non-perishable material persisted throughout time. Pacifiers have been used to stimulate sucking or to coordinate this reflex, promoting an earlier beginning of the oral feeding of newborns. Some authors suggest that pacifiers reduce the incidence of the sudden death syndrome, but the topic is controversial. Pacifiers prevent the establishment of breastfeeding and lead to weaning. Their use may cause suffocation, poisoning, or allergies and increase the risk of caries, infections, and intestinal parasitic diseases. Harmful effects are related to frequency, duration, and intensity of the habit. It should be discontinued by the age of 3 or 4, in order not to affect speech and dentition. Conclusions:There are more harmful effects than benefits. It is advisable that health professionals inform parents of the pros and cons of pacifiers so that they can make a conscious decision regarding its use.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(6):480-489: Pacifier, sucking behavior.

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Breastfeeding or Breastmilk to Alleviate Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Systematic Review

Cited by 41 publications

References 35 publications

Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations

Effective Analgesia Using Physical Interventions for Infant Immunizations

Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline

Uso de chupeta: história e visão multidisciplinar

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