Breastfeeding and Its Prospective Association with Components of the GH-IGF-Axis, Insulin Resistance and Body Adiposity Measures in Young Adulthood – Insights from Linear and Quantile Regression Analysis

Günther, Anke L. B.; Walz, Helena A.; Kroke, Anja; Wudy, Stefan A.; Riedel, Christina; Kries, Rüdiger von; Joslowski, Gesa; Cheng, Guo; Buyken, Anette E.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079436

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, data were missing for some of the food variables because participants did not respond when asked about the consumption of that particular food item. There was also overlap between the confidence intervals of the OLS and quantile regression models and this may largely be due to the relatively modest sample size we used for this analyses approach (n = 466) compared to other studies [ 36 , 62 , 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early feeding on growth velocity and overweight/obesity in a cohort of HIV unexposed South African infants and children

et al. 2015

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BackgroundSouth Africa has the highest prevalence of overweight/obesity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Assessing the effect of modifiable factors such as early infant feeding on growth velocity and overweight/obesity is therefore important. This paper aimed to assess the effect of infant feeding in the transitional period (12 weeks) on 12–24 week growth velocity amongst HIV unexposed children using WHO growth velocity standards and on the age and sex adjusted body mass index (BMI) Z-score distribution at 2 years.MethodsData were from 3 sites in South Africa participating in the PROMISE-EBF trial. We calculated growth velocity Z-scores using the WHO growth standards and assessed feeding practices using 24-hour and 7-day recall data. We used quantile regression to study the associations between 12 week infant feeding and 12–24 week weight velocity (WVZ) with BMI-for-age Z-score at 2 years. We included the internal sample quantiles (70th and 90th centiles) that approximated the reference cut-offs of +2 (corresponding to overweight) and +3 (corresponding to obesity) of the 2 year BMI-for-age Z-scores.ResultsAt the 2-year visit, 641 children were analysed (median age 22 months, IQR: 17–26 months). Thirty percent were overweight while 8.7% were obese. Children not breastfed at 12 weeks had higher 12–24 week mean WVZ and were more overweight and obese at 2 years. In the quantile regression, children not breastfed at 12 weeks had a 0.37 (95% CI 0.07, 0.66) increment in BMI-for-age Z-score at the 50th sample quantile compared to breast-fed children. This difference in BMI-for-age Z-score increased to 0.46 (95% CI 0.18, 0.74) at the 70th quantile and 0.68 (95% CI 0.41, 0.94) at the 90th quantile . The 12–24 week WVZ had a uniform independent effect across the same quantiles.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the first 6 months of life is a critical period in the development of childhood overweight and obesity. Interventions targeted at modifiable factors such as early infant feeding practices may reduce the risks of rapid weight gain and subsequent childhood overweight/obesity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13006-015-0041-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early feeding on growth velocity and overweight/obesity in a cohort of HIV unexposed South African infants and children

et al. 2015

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“…The only other study that we are aware of that has examined being breast fed and circulating IGF-I concentrations in adults (n = 233) also found no significant association [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

Bradbury

Balkwill

Tipper

et al. 2015

Growth Hormone & IGF Research

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“…In some studies, breastfeeding has been found to lower the risk of the development of obesity during childhood [17,20] (for a review, see [21]). Recent analysis has indicated that breastfeeding has long-term favourable effects on adult body composition, extremes of adiposity and insulin metabolism; however, these effects were only observed in women [22]. By contrast, high protein intake from formula in infants seems to be associated with a higher body mass index, which lasts until the child is 6 years of age [23].…”

Section: Infancy and Early Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition

Kalhoff

Kersting

2015

Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence

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The rapid increase in obesity prevalence during the past decades points to the important impact of environmental changes on the development of overweight in children and adolescents. A mismatch between increasing energy consumption in an attractive and abundant food environment and decreasing physical activity with the adoption of a more sedentary lifestyle is the key factor underlying constant increases in body mass index. Considering the effect of energy imbalance on body weight, a small but persistent average daily imbalance between intake and expenditure is sufficient to explain the weight gain observed during the development of overweight and obesity, and the influences of nutrition on the development of these conditions vary according to life stage and circumstance. Parental dietary intake and familial nutritional behaviour are important components in the development of childhood nutritional habits. We discuss the possible contributions of several nutritional factors to the antenatal and postnatal environments and the impacts of nutrition during infancy, childhood and adolescence. However, nutrition involves a complex interplay among dietary behaviour, food selection and nutrient supply that complicates the aetiological analysis of the development of adiposity. In particular, a diet comprising foods with high energy densities may be a key factor that increases the risk of developing overweight during childhood and adolescence. The establishment of an optimised mixed diet may serve as a guideline to evaluate and further improve dietary intake in the family setting and in the catering industry, thus reducing the nutritional causes of the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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Breastfeeding and Its Prospective Association with Components of the GH-IGF-Axis, Insulin Resistance and Body Adiposity Measures in Young Adulthood – Insights from Linear and Quantile Regression Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Effects of early feeding on growth velocity and overweight/obesity in a cohort of HIV unexposed South African infants and children

Effects of early feeding on growth velocity and overweight/obesity in a cohort of HIV unexposed South African infants and children

The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

Nutrition

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