Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Development of Atopic Dermatitis in the Infant

Hoppu, Ulla; Rinne, Minna; Lampi, Anna‐Maija; Isolauri, Erika

doi:10.1097/01.mpg.0000168992.44428.fa

Cited by 56 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Exclusive feeding of human milk (HM) is associated with attenuated, or delayed, development of food allergies (2). The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of HM is hypothesized to contribute to the protective effects of breast-feeding against allergy (3). Supporting the importance of these long chain polyunsaturated fats (LCP) in directing appropriate development of the immune system, recent studies demonstrate that supplementation during pregnancy with n-3 PUFA reduces the prevalence of allergic symptoms in high risk children (4,5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Feeding a Formula Supplemented With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modifies the “Ex Vivo” Cytokine Responses to Food Proteins in Infants at Low Risk for Allergy

et al. 2008

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Long chain polyunsaturates (LCP) status during the early neonatal period is associated with a reduced risk of atopic symptoms and later allergies. In this study, we characterized the immune response of low-risk, term, formula-fed infants randomized at Յ14 d of age to standard term formula (Formula) or formula containing LCP (FormulaϩLCP) for 4 wks. Infants exclusively fed human milk were included for comparison. Peripheral blood was collected at 14 and 42 d of age, and lymphocyte phenotype, proliferation, and cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-␥, TNF-␣, TGF␤) were assessed after incubation with ␤-lactoglobulin (BLG) and soy protein (SOY). Lymphocyte proliferation did not differ between groups. Compared with human milk-fed infants at 2 wks, formula-fed infants produced more TNF-␣ and IFN-␥ and had more cells expressing ICAM-1 (CD54) after incubation with BLG and SOY (p Ͻ 0.05). At 6 wks of age, infants fed FormulaϩLCP produced more TNF-␣ with SOY (3.2-fold) and with BLG compared with infants fed Formula (p Ͻ 0.05). In conclusion, low-risk term infants fed formula before 14 d of age produced more TNF-␣ and IFN-␥ in response to food proteins. Feeding FormulaϩLCP for 4 wks maintained the higher TNF-␣ and IFN-␥ response to these food proteins. A llergic diseases are a major health issue in infants during the first year of life (1). Exclusive feeding of human milk (HM) is associated with attenuated, or delayed, development of food allergies (2). The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of HM is hypothesized to contribute to the protective effects of breast-feeding against allergy (3). Supporting the importance of these long chain polyunsaturated fats (LCP) in directing appropriate development of the immune system, recent studies demonstrate that supplementation during pregnancy with n-3 PUFA reduces the prevalence of allergic symptoms in high risk children (4,5).The predominantly Th2 cytokine response, and relatively immature Th1 response, in infants has been implicated in susceptibility to atopic disorders (6,7). The ability to develop tolerance to food proteins is an age-related phenomenon that occurs during the first year of life (8), a time when many changes occur in immune function (9 -11). Most infants successfully develop tolerance to food antigens; however, in a small minority, some food antigens provoke adverse symptoms, defined as intolerance or allergy. Relatively little is known about the development of tolerance but it is critical to our understanding of atopic disease. Epidemiologic data suggest that infants not exclusively breastfed are at higher risk of developing allergies (12,13), implicating a role of early diet in the development of tolerance. It is hypothesized that an imbalance between n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA and an insufficient cellular level of arachidonic acid (AA) may alter thymic T cell development and the balance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, thus affecting the ability to develop tolerance (14). At the time the epidemiologic studies on earl...

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confidence: 99%

Feeding a Formula Supplemented With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modifies the “Ex Vivo” Cytokine Responses to Food Proteins in Infants at Low Risk for Allergy

et al. 2008

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“…One reason for the latter could be the trend to a lower content of fat in maternal breast milk of atopic children. Albeit no impact of maternal vitamin E intake -neither from diet nor from supplements -on its concentration in breast milk could be found (Hoppu et al 2005a), the same authors found a correlation between the levels of tocopherols in the blood of atopic mothers and their newborns at one month of age. While higher serum levels of the isoform α-tocopherol, which functions as vitamin E, were found in the infants, the predominantly antioxidant isoform γ-tocopherol was lower than in maternal serum (Hoppu et al 2005b).…”

Section: Dietary Antioxidants In Breast Milk: Vitamins C and Ementioning

confidence: 74%

“…The same study detected decreased levels of vitamin C and elevated levels of α-tocopherol in maternal breast milk, when children had a positive skin prick test at the age of one year (Hoppu et al 2005a). One reason for the latter could be the trend to a lower content of fat in maternal breast milk of atopic children.…”

Section: Dietary Antioxidants In Breast Milk: Vitamins C and Ementioning

confidence: 80%

“…It has been shown that a higher intake of dietary vitamin C increases the concentration of vitamin C in breast milk (Hoppu et al 2005a). The same study detected decreased levels of vitamin C and elevated levels of α-tocopherol in maternal breast milk, when children had a positive skin prick test at the age of one year (Hoppu et al 2005a).…”

Section: Dietary Antioxidants In Breast Milk: Vitamins C and Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Early nutrition and allergy

et al. 2008

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The perinatal phase is crucial for the development of the infant. The fi rst priming of the immune system occurs before birth, and this process is infl uenced by the intrauterine environment. One factor of this priming seems to be the fetal nutrition, which mainly depends on maternal diet. After birth, breastfeeding offers optimal alimentation. Allergy prevalence has increased during the last decades. As a method of primary allergy prevention, exclusive breastfeeding for a period of 4 to 6 months is recommended. However, published data on the subject is confl icting. Therefore, this review article will focus on maternal nutrition during breastfeeding with regard to allergy development. Cytokine levels in breast milk seem to depend on maternal state of atopy as well as on her nutrition. Breast milk components can, on the other hand, infl uence immune response of the infant. Differences between recent studies concerning composition of breast milk regarding allergen content, immune mediators and nutrients are discussed and the role of early nutrition on long-term development in the offspring is shown. To summarize -albeit some confl icting results are published -a healthy and balanced maternal nutrition, rich in fresh fruit and vegetables, milk products, nuts or oily fi sh, and breastfeeding of the infant seems to be the best way of childhood atopy prevention.

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“…Portanto, a presença dos AGPI-CL no leite ajuda no desenvolvimento do sistema imune da criança, atuando na produção de células T 37 . Isso é particularmente importante, já que a função do linfócito T é pouco desenvolvida no nascimento 38 .…”

Section: A Importância Dos áCidos Graxos No Leite Maternounclassified

Importância dos ácidos graxos essenciais e os efeitos dos ácidos graxos trans do leite materno para o desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal

et al. 2007

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A prática da amamentação tem grande impacto do ponto de vista da saúde pública, pois o leite materno é o melhor alimento a ser oferecido até o sexto mês de vida da criança. A fração lipídica do leite representa a maior fonte de energia para crianças e fornece nutrientes essenciais, tais como vitaminas lipossolúveis e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI). Os ácidos graxos essenciais (AGE) linoléico (LA, 18:2n-6) e alfa-linolênico (ALA, 18:3n-3) são precursores dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa (AGPI-CL), incluindo os ácidos docosahexaenóico (DHA) e araquidônico (ARA). A qualidade dos lipídios no leite secretado está diretamente relacionada com a ingestão materna. Os AGPI-CL são importantes na proteção contra alergia e infecções, no processo visual e no desenvolvimento cognitivo na infância. O processamento industrial de alimentos introduziu os ácidos graxos trans (AGT) entre os nutrientes disponíveis à população. Os AGT podem interferir no metabolismo dos AGE, diminuindo a síntese de DHA e ARA. Portanto, nos parece relevante esclarecer a população sobre a importância de um aporte adequado de AGPI e reduzido de AGT durante o período de desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal.

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Breast Milk Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Development of Atopic Dermatitis in the Infant

Abstract: Breast milk rich in saturated and low in n-3 fatty acids may be a risk factor for atopic dermatitis in the infant.

Cited by 56 publications

References 28 publications

Feeding a Formula Supplemented With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modifies the “Ex Vivo” Cytokine Responses to Food Proteins in Infants at Low Risk for Allergy

Feeding a Formula Supplemented With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modifies the “Ex Vivo” Cytokine Responses to Food Proteins in Infants at Low Risk for Allergy

Early nutrition and allergy

Importância dos ácidos graxos essenciais e os efeitos dos ácidos graxos trans do leite materno para o desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal

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