Breast milk contains probiotics with anti‐infantile diarrhoea effects that may protect infants as they change to solid foods

Abstract

Infants often experience complementary foodinduced diarrhoea (CFID), which occurs when infants switch from breast milk to solid foods. The relative abundances of Prevotella and Rothia were higher in stools of infants with CFID, while the relative abundances of Enterococcus and Escherichia were higher in healthy infants. The abundance of Lactobacillus spp. normally found in breast milk fed to infants with CFID was significantly reduced, and Enterococcus spp. were less abundant when diarrhoea occurred. Furthermore, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus were present as shared bacteria in both mother and infant, and they were considered potential anti-CFID probiotics as their relative abundances in breast milk were negatively correlated to infant CFID. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) functional analysis showed that the function of amino acid metabolism differed between infants with CFID and healthy infants. Therefore, CFID might be related to the decomposition of proteins in food supplements. The screening revealed seven hydrolytic casein and five hydrolytic casein and rice protein isolates from 320 suspected Lactobacillus and Enterococcus isolates. The animal experiments demonstrated that a mixture of five isolates effectively hydrolysed the casein and rice protein and prevented diarrhoea in young rats. Thus, the occurrence of CFID was found to be closely related to the intestinal and breast milk microbiota, and bacteria that could assist in the digestion of cereal proteins were involved in CFID.

Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus MN‐431 Producing Indole Derivatives on Complementary Feeding‐Induced Diarrhea Rat Pups Through the Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Function

“…[ 38 ] Our previous study also identified that there was a reduction in the metabolism of tryptophan in the intestinal flora of infants with CFID compared to healthy infants. [ 11 ] Therefore, the cause of infant CFID may be due to the abnormal metabolism of tryptophan caused by the intestinal flora.…”

“…It was previously reported that a higher abundance of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus , and Escherichia is found in the maternal breast milk of healthy pairs (infant and mother), while prevotella and Rothia were more abundant in CFID infants ( Figure 5 ). [ 11 ] Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Escherichia , and prevotella can metabolize tryptophan to produce indole derivatives. Lactobacillus can produce indolealdehyde (IAld), skatole, and indole‐3‐lactic acid (ILA).…”

“…The relationship between CFID‐related bacteria, indole derivatives, and intestinal barrier function. [ 4,11 ] The bacteria highlighted in the green oval () were significantly increased in the healthy infants while the bacteria in the red rectangle () were higher in CFID infants. In healthy infants, the abundance of indole derivative‐producing bacteria was higher than that of CFID infants, and the types of indole and indole derivatives were higher than that of CFID infants.…”

“…[ 10 ] CFID infants have differing intestinal flora structure compared to healthy infants, in particular both Lactobacillus and Enterococcus . [ 11 ] These are typical probiotics commonly used for the treatment of infant diarrhea [ 12 ] and are widely present in breast milk and intestines of infants. [ 13 ] They are key bacteria that change within the intestines of infants during the complementary feeding period.…”

Proliferation of Bifidobacterium L80 under different proportions of milk protein hydrolysate

“…Bifidobacterium has an important inhibitory effect on Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium, staphylococcus, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus [1,27,35]. Bifidobacterium display a wide range of antimicrobial activities.…”