Breast‐feeding: Factors Affecting Success

Blaikley, J. B.; Clarke, Silas; MacKeith, Ronald; Ogden, Kathleen M.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1953.tb07255.x

Cited by 37 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…It is, however, much lower than the rates reported in smaller selected groups. For example, Blaikley et al (1953) reported that 70% of 222 primiparae under special supervision were breast-feeding at three months; Westropp (1953) obtained the same result in women attending the Oxford Child Health Survey; and Naish (1949) had a rate of 67% in 100 consecutive cases under her own care. As already stated, the breast-feeding rates at three months in the Aberdeen nursing-home, hospital, and domiciliary groups were respectively 44%, 36%, and 32%.…”

Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Chemical Studies in Human Lactation: X. The Maintenance of Breast-Feeding

Hytten¹,

Thomson²

1955

BMJ

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In all parts of Britain the official policy is to promote breast-feeding whenever possible, yet its success seems to vary greatly from one area to another. For example, at the end of three months the proportion of women fully breast-feeding varied from 24% in Newbiggin-bythe-Sea (Hughes, 1948) to 58% in Luton (Dykes, 1949).It is not easy to understand why such variations occur. In any case, exact comparison between different centres is often impossible because results are expressed in different ways, and the populations studied are not fully described in terms of social class, age, parity, etc. This paper describes how such factors affect breast-feeding rates in Aberdeen. The incidence of successful breastfeeding is defined as the proportion of babies wholly fed on the breast during the first three months of life. After three months mothers commonly introduce other feeds, and it is difficult to know what contribution breast milk is making to the child's total food intake.Discussion of the literature is confined mostly to those British publications in which comparable information is available. Since there is some evidence (Ross and Herdan, 1951) of considerable changes in breastfeeding habits, only publications of the past ten years are quoted. Factors Affecting Breast-feeding Social StatusMost authors agree that breast-feeding is usually more successful in the upper social classes. Ross and Herdan (1951) found in Bristol that women in Social Classes I and II breast-fed longer than those in Social Classes IV and V, but their figures did not include cases of failure during the first four weeks. Spence et al. (1954), in the " thousand families " survey in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, found 42.5% of mothers in Social Classes I and II, 34% in Social Class III, and 29% in Social Classes IV and V wholly breast-feeding after three months. Westropp (1953), studying 574 mothers in Oxford " who regularly attended the Oxford Child Health Survey for at least a year " found that 66% of those in Social Classes I and II, 54% in Social Class III, and 44 % in Social Classes IV and V completely breast-fed for four months. Douglas (1950), using material gathered in the 1946 Maternity Survey of England and Wales, found that wives in the professional and salaried classes breast-fed more often for three months than the wives of manual workers; in his investigation a baby was considered to be breast-fed until it was completely weaned. On the other hand, Dykes (1949), in a survey of all infants born in Luton in 1945, found no social class difference in the duration of breastfeeding, and Dummer (1949) found no clear-cut differences in breast-feeding performance between occupational groups.Women delivered in nursing-homes appear to breastfeed longer than those delivered in hospitals, who in turn breast-feed longer than women delivered at home (Hughes, 1948;Dummer, 1949; Dykes, 1949;Douglas, 1950;Campbell and Cheeseman, 1954;Spence et al., 1954). The possibility that social class differences may have accounted for these findings, at least in par...

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Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Chemical Studies in Human Lactation: X. The Maintenance of Breast-Feeding

Hytten¹,

Thomson²

1955

BMJ

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“…Eleven (55.0%) were published within the last 5 years (2015-2019) [21,24,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Included studies originated from six countries: Australia (n = 7) [13,21,24,[33][34][35][36], New Zealand (n = 1) [42], the United Kingdom (n = 5) [20,39,[43][44][45], Sweden (n = 1) [46], United States (n = 3) [37,38,47], and India (n = 3) [16,40,41]. Three dominant research groups were identified; Forster et al [13,21], Demirci et al [37,38], and Casey et al [35,36], have each published two studies included in our review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This review included one quality improvement study [33], two case studies/series [38,43], four qualitative and/or cross sectional survey studies of the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of women engaging in aBME [34,35,37,39], three observational cohort studies [20,36,46], and ten interventional studies [13, 16, 21, 24, 40-42, 44, 45, 47] including one RCT [21]. Sample sizes of included studies ranged from 1 to 60 (n = 8) [13,34,35,37,38,42,43,47], 80-230 (n = 8) [16,20,24,33,40,41,44,45], and 300-690 (n = 4) [21,36,39,46] participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating antenatal breastmilk expression outcomes: a scoping review

et al. 2021

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Background Antenatal breastmilk expression (aBME) is recommended by some healthcare providers to improve lactation, breastfeeding, and newborn outcomes, particularly for women with diabetes as they face unique challenges with breastfeeding. However, there is limited evidence of the potential harms and benefits of this practice. Our objective was to conduct a scoping review to map the literature describing maternal and newborn outcomes of aBME. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, British Library E-Theses Online Services (EThOS) database, OpenGrey, and Clinical trials.gov from inception to January 2020. Studies in English that reported on the effect of aBME on maternal and newborn outcomes, and the experiences of women who have engaged in the practice were included for screening. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened by two independent reviewers. A critical appraisal and clinical consultation were conducted. Key findings were extracted and summarized. Results We screened 659 studies and 20 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of included studies (n = 11, 55.0%) were published after 2015, and seven (35.0%) originated from Australia. Ten (50.0%) studies provided data on high-risk obstetrical populations, including those with diabetes (n = 8), overweight or obesity (n = 1), and preeclampsia (n = 1). Commonly reported outcomes included breastfeeding status at discharge or follow-up, mode of delivery, newborn blood glucose, and time to establishing full lactation. Maternal experiences were related to challenges with aBME, confidence and mastery, perceived impact, security and altruism, learning and resources, and physical symptoms as a result of aBME. The critical appraisal demonstrated limited high-quality evidence surrounding aBME. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate increasing interest in the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of aBME. Existing studies are heterogenous with variable research questions, outcomes, study designs, and methodology. The recommendations made in this review can be used to help inform future studies evaluating aBME.

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“…Furthermore, although feeding type after discharge from the hospital was unavailable, research indicates that in the 1950s, the majority (> 82%) of women who exclusively breastfed in the hospital continued to do so during the following 3 months. 50,51 Based on these data, we reason that our exposure category renders a reasonable measure of any breastfeeding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%