Exposure to Tobacco Metabolites via Breast Milk and Infant Weight Gain

Abstract

Our findings are in accord with recommendations by health agencies for smokers to breastfeed. However, SGA infants exposed to tobacco metabolites via breastfeeding by heavy smokers appear to gain weight more rapidly than other infants. Practical implications of our findings are discussed.

Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Offspring Weight Gain: a Consideration of Competing Explanations

“…Moreover, the breast milk of smokers contains higher levels of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with non‐smokers, and exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with higher fat mass growth during infancy. Recent evidence suggests small for gestational age infants exposed to tobacco metabolites via breast feeding by heavy smokers appear to gain weight more rapidly than other infants . However, the validity of this inference is also challenged by some of the competing explanations outlined in this commentary; our understanding of the effects of such interactions remains rudimentary.…”

“…Recent evidence suggests small for gestational age infants exposed to tobacco metabolites via breast feeding by heavy smokers appear to gain weight more rapidly than other infants. 12 However, the validity of this inference is also challenged by some of the competing explanations outlined in this commentary; our understanding of the effects of such interactions remains rudimentary.…”

A Novel Variant c.97C>T of the Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Causes Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency Type Ib

“…From a meta-analytic approach, even exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight ( 19 ). Exposure of offspring to tobacco metabolites through maternal milk during infancy has also been suggested ( 20 ). Nevertheless, cohort studies have provided evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy or early infantile life exert a long-term negative effect on growth ( 21 ).…”

Neurobehavioral effects of choninergic drugs in prenatal period

“…Увеличение содержания митохондриаль-ного ДНК-метилирования отдельных локусов мтДНК и метилирование гена CYP1A1 в плацентарной ткани могут служить молекулярными маркерами воздей-ствия табачного дыма, по-видимому являясь при-чиной низкого веса при рождении [91]. В некоторых работах приводятся данные о развитии никотиновой зависимости у людей, подвергнутых пренатальному воздействию табачного дыма [161].…”