Breast Cancer Risk From Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors among Palestinian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is known as one of the deadliest forms of cancer, and it is increasing globally. Identifying risk factors for BC is a key point in developing preventive strategies to reduce its occurrence. Herein, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis focus on the risk factors for BC in Palestine. Material and Methods: We performed a systematic search via PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Cochrane library, Emerald Insight, and Google scholar for identifying studies published on BC risk factors up to March 2021. Pooled odds ratios (OR) are calculated using fixed and random-effect models. Data were processed using Review Manager 5.4 (RevMan 5.4). Results: From a total of 73 articles, seven case-control studies met the criteria for systematic review. Meta-analysis results showed that of the known modifiable risk factors for BC, diabetes mellitus (DM) had the highest odds ratio (OR = 4.97, 95% CI 3.00-8.25) followed by hypertension (OR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.96-5.23), obesity (BMI >30 Kg/m 2 ) (OR = 2.90, 95% CI 2.00-4.21), and passive smoking (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.12-2.02). Controversially, breastfeeding (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.23-0.61) was protective factor in BC. Of non-modifiable risk factors for BC has reached menopause had the highest odds ratio (OR = 3.74, 95% CI 2.64-5.29), followed by family history of BC (OR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.07-6.44) and age (≥ 40 years) (OR = 2.49, 95% CI 1.43-4.34). Conclusions: The most significant predictors of BC in Palestine were DM, hypertension, passive smokers, age (>40), reached menopause, and family history of BC. Almost all these risk factors are consistent with known risk factors for breast cancer in other parts of the world.

Burden of breast cancer and attributable risk factors in the North Africa and Middle East region, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

“…Interestingly, the current study found secondhand smoke to be a major risk factor of BC in both female and male patients. Similarly, recent studies also found the relation between passive smoking and risk of BC, and this highlights the importance of protecting women at a higher risk of BC due to exposure to secondhand smoke ( 42 , 65 ).…”

The Association Between the Serum Level of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and the Risk of Breast Cancer among Women in the Gaza Strip

“…According to the study's findings, BC is less likely to occur in females who have not yet reached menopause than it is in females who have (OR= 0.428, 95%CI, 0.258, 0.710). Similarly, Arafat et al, (2021) reported the same findings in a meta-analysis on BC risk from modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in Palestinian women (Arafat et al, 2021). Additionally, Sangrajrang et al, (2013) found a statistically significant link between higher BC risk and postmenopausal women.…”

Perfil de pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante por Câncer de Mama em clínica privada

“…Com relação à idade, sabe-se que esse é um dos principais fatores de risco relacionados ao câncer de mama, portanto, a probabilidade de desenvolver a neoplasia é diretamente proporcional a idade (16). Ao comparar o presente estudo com a literatura pode-se confirmar essa relação, visto que idade acima de 40 anos se mostra estatisticamente significativa como fator de risco não modificável para o câncer de mama (17,18).…”