Breast Cancer—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies—An Updated Review

Łukasiewicz, Sergiusz; Czeczelewski, Marcin; Forma, Alicja; Baj, Jacek; Sitarz, Robert; Stanisławek, Andrzej

doi:10.3390/cancers13174287

Cited by 518 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 295 publications

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“…It is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplastic diseases worldwide and the lymphatic system is the main pathway for spreading of cancer cells. Indeed, lymphatic metastasis is one of the major causes of neoplastic spread in breast cancer patients, because malignant cells colonize lymph nodes and distant organs, leading to worse prognosis [1]. Thus, the knowledge of both anatomical and molecular aspects of the lymphatic network is fundamental to understand the mechanisms of disease progression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breast cancer represents one of the most important causes of premature mortality among women and it is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplastic diseases worldwide [1]. A large variety of risk factors for this severe pathology has been recognised by epidemiologic studies: race, ethnicity, family history of cancer, and genetic traits, as well as increased alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, exogenous hormones, and female reproductive factors [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches

et al. 2021

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Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of premature mortality among women and it is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumours worldwide. For this reason, routine screening for prevention and early diagnosis is important for the quality of life of patients. Breast cancer cells can enter blood and lymphatic capillaries, then metastasizing to the regional lymph nodes in the axilla and to both visceral and non-visceral sites. Rather than at the primary site, they seem to enter the systemic circulation mainly through the sentinel lymph node and the biopsy of this indicator can influence the axillary dissection during the surgical approach to the pathology. Furthermore, secondary lymphoedema is another important issue for women following breast cancer surgical treatment or radiotherapy. Considering these fundamental aspects, the present article aims to describe new methodological approaches to assess the anatomy of the lymphatic network in the axillary region, as well as the molecular and physiological control of lymphatic vessel function, in order to understand how the lymphatic system contributes to breast cancer disease. Due to their clinical implications, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing lymph node metastasis in breast cancer are also examined. Beyond the investigation of breast lymphatic networks and lymphatic molecular mechanisms, the discovery of new effective anti-lymphangiogenic drugs for future clinical settings appears essential to support any future development in the treatment of breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches

et al. 2021

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“…Approximately 80% of breast cancers (including TNBCs) are >50 years old ( Donepudi et al, 2014 ). The cancer risk increases with age as follows: 1.5% risk at the age of 40 years, 3% at age 50, and more than 4% at age 70 years ( Łukasiewicz et al, 2021 ). In addition, a relationship exists between cancer subtype and age.…”

Section: Non-modifiable Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Brief Review About Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Signaling Pathways, Treatment and Role of Artificial Intelligence

Almansour

2022

Front. Mol. Biosci.

120

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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a kind of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This cancer is responsible for more than 15–20% of all breast cancers and is of particular research interest as it is therapeutically challenging mainly because of its low response to therapeutics and highly invasive nature. The non-availability of specific treatment options for TNBC is usually managed by conventional therapy, which often leads to relapse. The focus of this review is to provide up-to-date information related to TNBC epidemiology, risk factors, metastasis, different signaling pathways, and the pathways that can be blocked, immune suppressive cells of the TNBC microenvironment, current and investigation therapies, prognosis, and the role of artificial intelligence in TNBC diagnosis. The data presented in this paper may be helpful for researchers working in the field to obtain general and particular information to advance the understanding of TNBC and provide suitable disease management in the future.

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“…Breast cancer is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost in women worldwide. Breast cancer affects women of all ages after puberty; however, the incidence rises with age [2,3]. In the United States, approximately 160,000 patients suffered from advanced breast cancer [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theranostic Interpolation of Genomic Instability in Breast Cancer

Rasool

Ullah

Mubeen

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Breast cancer is a diverse disease caused by mutations in multiple genes accompanying epigenetic aberrations of hazardous genes and protein pathways, which distress tumor-suppressor genes and the expression of oncogenes. Alteration in any of the several physiological mechanisms such as cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair machinery, mitotic checkpoints, and telomere maintenance results in genomic instability. Theranostic has the potential to foretell and estimate therapy response, contributing a valuable opportunity to modify the ongoing treatments and has developed new treatment strategies in a personalized manner. “Omics” technologies play a key role while studying genomic instability in breast cancer, and broadly include various aspects of proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and tumor grading. Certain computational techniques have been designed to facilitate the early diagnosis of cancer and predict disease-specific therapies, which can produce many effective results. Several diverse tools are used to investigate genomic instability and underlying mechanisms. The current review aimed to explore the genomic landscape, tumor heterogeneity, and possible mechanisms of genomic instability involved in initiating breast cancer. We also discuss the implications of computational biology regarding mutational and pathway analyses, identification of prognostic markers, and the development of strategies for precision medicine. We also review different technologies required for the investigation of genomic instability in breast cancer cells, including recent therapeutic and preventive advances in breast cancer.

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Breast Cancer—Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies—An Updated Review

Cited by 518 publications

References 295 publications

The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches

The Lymphatic System in Breast Cancer: Anatomical and Molecular Approaches

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Brief Review About Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Signaling Pathways, Treatment and Role of Artificial Intelligence

Theranostic Interpolation of Genomic Instability in Breast Cancer

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