Breast Cancer Early Detection in Eswatini: Evaluation of a Training Curriculum and Patient Receipt of Recommended Follow-Up Care

Abstract

PURPOSE Breast cancer (BC) is detected at late stages in sub-Saharan Africa. We piloted a BC early-detection program in Eswatini aimed at increasing breast health knowledge and clinical skills. We also aimed to determine the proportion of patients with breast abnormalities who completed referral to breast specialty clinics. METHODS Nurses and counselors from five human immunodeficiency virus and/or antiretroviral therapy clinics underwent training in BC and clinical breast examination (CBE). We compared knowledge and skill examinations completed before, immediately after, and 90 days after training. Nurses then screened female clinic patients ≥ 18 years for breast symptoms, examined those with symptoms, and referred women with CBE abnormalities to a surgeon or the national breast clinic. Consenting women were contacted at 30 and 60 days after screening to determine if they had completed referral. RESULTS In 2019, 44 nurses underwent training. Median scores (interquartile range) on pretraining, immediate post-training, and 90-day post-training knowledge examinations were 17.5 (16-19), 20 (19-21), and 20 (19-21), respectively. Median scores (interquartile range) on pretraining, immediate post-training, and 90-day post-training skills examinations were 10 (7-11), 23 (21.5-25), and 23 (22-24), respectively. Compared with pretraining scores, post-training scores were significantly improved ( P < .0001 for all comparisons). From June 2019 to April 2020, a total of 9,502 clinic patients were screened for breast symptoms: 150 (2%) underwent CBE, 93 (62%) were referred for further evaluation, and 88 (97%) were included in the study. Of those, 54 (61%) completed referral. Referral completion was not associated with age, employment, relationship status, or prior experiences related to BC. CONCLUSION The program's training curriculum improved breast health knowledge and clinical skills. Efforts are needed to improve patients' receipt of recommended evaluation for breast abnormalities.

Role and knowledge of nurses in the management of non-communicable diseases in Africa: A scoping review

“…Nurses’ level of knowledge varied geographically and in a timely manner among cervical and breast cancer patients, ranging from low- to high-level knowledge. Nurse-led breast cancer screening was also implemented in a lower proportion than cervical cancer screening; however, after training, good examination skills were also identified [ 34 ], and a study focused on echography led by nurses with promising results [ 31 ].…”

Validating an Instrument for Direct Patient Reporting of Distress and Chemotherapy-Related Toxicity among South African Cancer Patients

“…Unfortunately, this is also consistent with other African populations. Studies in Uganda, Nigeria, Eswatini and South Africa have all previously identified financial strain as major contributors to distress, non-adherence with cancer related care or both [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”