Breast cancer detection using interferometric MUSIC: Experimental and numerical assessment

Abstract

Purpose: In microwave breast cancer detection, it is often beneficial to arrange sensors in close proximity to the breast. The resultant coupling generally changes the antenna response. As an a priori characterization of the radio frequency system becomes difficult, this can lead to severe degradation of the detection efficacy. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the advantages of adopting an interferometric multiple signal classification (I‐MUSIC) approach due to its limited dependence from a priori information on the antenna. The performance of I‐MUSIC detection was measured in terms of signal‐to‐clutter ratio (SCR), signal‐to‐mean ratio (SMR), and spatial displacement (SD) and compared to other common linear noncoherent imaging methods, such as migration and the standard wideband MUSIC (WB‐MUSIC) which also works when the antenna is not accounted for. Methods: The data were acquired by scanning a synthetic oil‐in‐gelatin phantom that mimics the dielectric properties of breast tissues across the spectrum 1–3 GHz using a proprietary breast microwave multi‐monostatic radar system. The phantom is a multilayer structure that includes skin, adipose, fibroconnective, fibroglandular, and tumor tissue with an adipose component accounting for 60% of the whole structure. The detected tumor has a diameter of 5 mm and is inserted inside a fibroglandular region with a permittivity contrast εr‐tumor/εr‐fibroglandular < 1.5 over the operating band. Three datasets were recorded corresponding to three antennas with different coupling mechanisms. This was done to assess the independence of the I‐MUSIC method from antenna characterizations. The datasets were processed by using I‐MUSIC, noncoherent migration, and wideband MUSIC under equivalent conditions (i.e., operative bandwidth, frequency samples, and scanning positions). SCR, SMR, and SD figures were measured from all reconstructed images. In order to benchmark experimental results, numerical simulations of equivalent scenarios were carried out by using CST Microwave Studio. The three numerical datasets were then processed following the same procedure that was designed for the experimental case. Results: Detection results are presented for both experimental and numerical phantoms, and higher performance of the I‐MUSIC method in comparison with the WB‐MUSIC and noncoherent migration is achieved. This finding is confirmed for the three different antennas in this study. Although a delocalization effect occurs, experimental datasets show that the signal‐to‐clutter ratio and the signal‐to‐mean performance with the I‐MUSIC are at least 5 and 2.3 times better than the other methods, respectively. The numerical datasets calculated on an equivalent phantom for cross‐testing confirm the improved performance of the I‐MUSIC in terms of SCR and SMR. In numerical simulations, the delocalization effect is dramatically reduced up to an SD value of 1.61 achieved with the I‐MUSIC in combination with the antipodal Vivaldi antenna. This shows that mechanical uncertainties are the main re...

A COTS-Based Microwave Imaging System for Breast-Cancer Detection

“…I-MUSIC has been numerically and experimentally assessed in [26] using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) for probing a breast phantom and collecting the corresponding scattered field. Also, a PC has been used for processing the acquired data.…”

“…• We show that I-MUSIC can run on an embedded platform, enhanced with an FPGA, more than 20x faster than on a server-grade CPU. All the reported results have been obtained using an existing MI algorithm, I-MUSIC, whose detection effectiveness has been proven already [25] [26]. This is the paper organization.…”

Experimental feasibility of multistatic holography for breast microwave radar image reconstruction

“…15 Images formed using monostatic datasets usually exhibit a higher focal quality, whereas multistatic approaches yield datasets with greater sensitivity and specificity. Currently, the majority of BMR image reconstruction is performed using time-domain processing methods, which perform an approximation of the phase behavior of the signal along the scan trajectory 19 that may generate images with artifacts 15,16 due to phase aberrations. 19 During the last five years, the use of MUSIC reconstruction algorithms has also been proposed for BMR image reconstruction.…”

“…Currently, the majority of BMR image reconstruction is performed using time-domain processing methods, which perform an approximation of the phase behavior of the signal along the scan trajectory 19 that may generate images with artifacts 15,16 due to phase aberrations. 19 During the last five years, the use of MUSIC reconstruction algorithms has also been proposed for BMR image reconstruction. 20,21 These techniques exhibit excellent noise reduction, and their feasibility has been assessed in experimental datasets.…”

Comparing Two Approaches for Point-Like Scatterer Detection

“…This application is of high relevance in diagnostic operations not only to assess the structural stability of concrete structures [1,2] but also to inspect them after disaster events (e.g., earthquakes) [3]. Another very important field of application concerns early breast cancer detection where the tumour actually can be considered to be a small scatterer [4].…”