Breakthroughs in nanozyme-inspired application diversity

Abstract

The rapid advancement of nanomaterial has promoted the booming of nanozymes capable of mimicking natural enzymes. As ideal alternatives to natural enzymes, nanozymes are characterized with a wide range of...

Antioxidative 0-dimensional nanodrugs overcome obstacles in AKI antioxidant therapy

“…18 Generally, nanozymes have active centers or electron transport structures similar to natural enzymes, and exhibit enzymatic activity comparable to natural enzymes. 19,20 Compared with natural enzymes that are easily inactivated in extreme environments, nanozymes have a stable structure, adjustable activity and diverse functions, making them potential substitutes and valuable competitors for natural enzymes in the field of enzyme catalysis. 21,22 The most attractive feature of nanozymes is that they can simultaneously exhibit a variety of different enzyme-like properties, 23 such as SOD-like activity, CAT-like activity, POD-like activity, GPx-like activity, etc., 24 which can regulate toxic ROS into nontoxic substances as the following reaction formula.…”

Multi-enzyme mimics – cracking the code of subcellular cascade reactions and their potential biological applications

“…GSH enzymes are the most abundant thiols present in the living organisms and are found abundantly in the cytoplasm and other cell organelles. 39,40 GSH shields the cells from undergoing oxidative damage through the following reaction: 41 2 GSH + R 2 O 2 → GSSG + 2 ROH (R = H, alkyl)or in the case of H 2 O 2 as2 GSH + H 2 O 2 → GS − SG + 2 H 2 Owhile the reaction with free radicals proceeds as follows:GSH + ˙R → 1/2 GS − SG + RHBesides deactivating reactive oxidants and radicals, GSH participates in the redox regulation of thiol proteins and thiol protection itself in the cells under extreme oxidative stress conditions that are induced by a post-translational redox-regulated thiol protein, S -glutathionylation. A typical reaction involves the generation of disulfide that is unsymmetrical by the GSH and a protectable protein (RSH): 42 GSH + RSH + [O] → GSSR + H 2 OGlutathione enzymes are also utilized in the detoxification of formaldehyde and methylglyoxal, which are some of the harmful metabolites generated under cellular oxidative stress.…”

“…If this balance is disturbed, it will lead to different diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, kidney infections, diabetic wounds, etc. 39 Multi-nanozymes can, henceforth, play a therapeutic role in maintaining this delicate balance and the multienzyme-like activity in this case might prove better than single-enzyme like activity, which could aggravate the condition by disturbing the balance of ROS in one direction.…”

Recent progress in the development of single-atom electrocatalysts for highly efficient hydrogen evolution reactions

“…[24][25][26][27] Meanwhile, since Zhang's group reported Pt 1 /FeO x materials and defined the catalysts featured by atomically dispersed active sites as the concept of SACs in 2011, SACs have exhibited inherent natures to match the aforementioned two effective strategies. [28][29][30][31][32] On the one hand, SACs have a maximum atom-utilization efficiency close to 100%, which is beneficial to the exposure of active sites and reduces the cost of electrocatalysts. On the other hand, compared to bulk materials, nanoparticles and nanoclusters, SACs can remarkably facilitate the interaction between diverse components, such as tuning the coordination environments, optimizing the electronic structure and promoting the metal-support interactions (MSIs).…”