“…As a result, routine disputes about workplace grievances are handled through individual legal action within the labour court system. The absence of in-company grievance procedures, coupled with laws that permit employers to fire workers without just cause, has meant that workers have tended to keep problems at work to themselves until they are fired, and then seek remedy in the labour courts (French, 2004;Lang and Gagnon, 2009). Moreover, with no provision for representing workers at the workplace and with disputes resolved by the labour courts, collective bargaining was often distant from the concerns of the union membership, further curtailing its development (Pichler, 2005).…”