Brazilian <i>baccharis</i> toxins: Livestock poisoning and the isolation of macrocyclic trichothecene glucosides

Jarvis, Bruce B.; Wang, Shengjun; Cox, Christopher; Rao, M. Madhusudana; Philip, Valsa; Varaschin, Mary Suzan; Barros, Claudio S.L.

doi:10.1002/19960402nt2

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…4. Todas as partes da planta são tóxicas, porém as sementes e flores contêm altas concentrações dos princípios tóxicos (Jarvis et al 1988, Jarvis et al 1996, que foram identificados como tricotecenos macrocíclicos: roridina A e E, miotoxina A, B, C e D, miopitoceno A e B e verrucarol. Tais substâncias são produzidas por fungos do gênero Myrothecium, principalmente M. roridum e M. verrucaria, que habitam o solo e se desenvolvem próximo às raízes de B. coridifolia (Busam & Habermehl 1982, Habermehl et al 1985.…”

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“…Tais substâncias são produzidas por fungos do gênero Myrothecium, principalmente M. roridum e M. verrucaria, que habitam o solo e se desenvolvem próximo às raízes de B. coridifolia (Busam & Habermehl 1982, Habermehl et al 1985. Experimentos com B. coridifolia em coelhos (Rodrigues & Tokarnia 1995) e em bovinos (Varaschin et al 1998) sugerem que os espécimes femininos da planta são muito mais tóxicos e isso foi confirmado por análises químicas mensais de plantas femininas e masculinas realizadas durante um ano (Jarvis et al 1996). Tricotecenos macrocíclicos, como os encontrados em B. coridifolia, são fitotóxicos para outras espécies da planta e foram usados como arma química para destruição de colheitas (Jarvis et al 1996).…”

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“…Experimentos com B. coridifolia em coelhos (Rodrigues & Tokarnia 1995) e em bovinos (Varaschin et al 1998) sugerem que os espécimes femininos da planta são muito mais tóxicos e isso foi confirmado por análises químicas mensais de plantas femininas e masculinas realizadas durante um ano (Jarvis et al 1996). Tricotecenos macrocíclicos, como os encontrados em B. coridifolia, são fitotóxicos para outras espécies da planta e foram usados como arma química para destruição de colheitas (Jarvis et al 1996). Tricotecenos macrocíclicos similares, extraídos de outra espécie de Baccharis (B. megapotamica var.…”

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Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos

et al. 2005

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Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos

et al. 2005

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“…1998, Varaschin & Alessi 2003. B. megapotamica (Kupchan et al 1977) B. coridifolia, (Busam & Habermehl 1982, Habermehl et al1985 and B. artemisioides (Rizzo et al 1997) contain a series of potent cytotoxic agents belonging to the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecene complex previously believed to be produced only by fungi (Jarvis et al 1996). In the case of B. megapotamica, the macrocyclic trichothecenes accumulate in the plant as baccharinoids ( B1, B2, B3, B4 etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo

et al. 2012

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(5):383-390, maio 2012 383 RESUMO.-[Intoxicação experimental por Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii em búfalos.] As partes aéreas verdes de Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii foram administradas oralmente a cinco búfalos da raça Murrah de 6-8 meses de idade nas doses de 1, 3, 4, 5 e 10g/kg de peso corporal (pc) (~1-10mg de tricotecenos macrocíclicos/kg/ pc). A planta usada no experimento foi colhida numa fazenda onde um surto recente de intoxicação espontânea por essa planta havia ocorrido. Nos búfalos deste experimento, os sinais clínicos apareceram 4-20 horas e 4 búfalos morreram 18-49 horas após a ingestão da planta. Os sinais clíni-cos consistiram de apatia, anorexia, diarreia aquosa, febre, cólica, salivação, tremores musculares, inquietação, respiração laboriosa, atonia ruminal e desidratação. Five male 6-8 month-old Murrah buffalo calves were orally dosed with the fresh aerial parts of Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii at doses of 1, 3, 4, 5 and 10g/kg body weight (bw) (~1-10mg macrocyclic trichothecenes/kg/bw). The B. megapotamica used for the experiment was harvested on a farm where a recent spontaneous outbreak of poisoning caused by such plant had occurred. Clinical signs appeared 4-20 hours and 4 buffaloes died 18-49 hours after the ingestion of the plant. Clinical signs were apathy, anorexia, and watery diarrhea, fever, colic, drooling, muscle tremors, restlessness, laborious breathing and ruminal atony, and dehydration. The most consistent gross ϐindings were restricted to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consisted of varying degrees of edema and reddening of the mucosa of the forestomach. Histopathological ϐindings consisted of varying degrees of necrosis of the epithelial lining of the forestomach and of lymphocytes within lymphoid organs and aggregates. Fibrin thrombi were consistently found in sub-mucosal vessels of the forestomach and in the lumen of hepatic sinusoids. It is suggested that dehydration, septicemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation participate in the pathogenesis of the intoxication and play a role as a cause of death. A subsample of B. megapotamica var. weirii was frozen-dried and ground and analyzed using UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with high resolution Time of Flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, it was shown that the plant material contained at least 51 different macrocyclic trichothecenes at a total level of 1.1-1.2mg/g. About 15-20% of the total trichothecenes contents was found to be monosaccharide conjugates, with two thirds of these being glucose conjugates and one third constituted by six aldopentose conjugates (probably xylose), which has never been reported in the literature.

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“…15 Preliminary studies suggest there are multiple toxins, including roridin, myotoxin, miophitocen, and verrucarin. 2,15,16 Although less frequent, similar toxicity, lesions, and toxins have been identified in Brazilian Baccharis megapotamica. 8,14 In North America, Baccharis pteronioides DC (commonly known as yerba de pasmo) is common in the deserts of the southwest United States.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Baccharis Pteronioides Toxicity in Livestock and Hamsters

2009

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Abstract. Baccharis pteronioides DC has been intermittently associated with livestock poisoning in the southwestern United States. In 2004, nearly 100 cows were reported poisoned by B. pteronioides in southern New Mexico. Initial field studies and postmortem examinations found drought conditions, evidence of B. pteronioides consumption, and a reported mortality of nearly 40%. Because postmortem materials were unsuitable for further examination, plant samples were collected for feeding trials and chemical evaluation. Forty-eight Syrian hamsters (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups and dosed with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg of B. pteronioides for 10 days. After dosing, the hamsters were necropsied; sera were analyzed biochemically; and tissues were collected and evaluated histologically. The hamsters treated with 200 mg and several of the 100-mg animals developed anorexia and diarrhea. These animals developed multiple hemorrhagic infarcts in the liver and kidney, with severe hemorrhagic enteritis. Histologically, the higherdosed animals had severe necrotizing vasculitis with vascular thrombosis of hepatic and renal vessels. Many glomerular capillaries contained fibrin thrombi. The superficial intestinal and colonic mucosa was necrotic, with extensive hemorrhage and proliferation of luminal bacteria. Lower-dosed animals had mild hepatocellular swelling, with proliferation of intestinal and gastric bacteria and yeast. The findings indicate that at high doses, B. pteronioides is toxic to hamsters and produces lesions that are very similar to bacterial endotoxin-produced vasculitis and infarction. Research to purify and identify the toxin, the toxic dose, and mechanism of toxicity are ongoing.

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Brazilian baccharis toxins: Livestock poisoning and the isolation of macrocyclic trichothecene glucosides

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos

Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos

Experimental poisoning by Baccharis megapotamica var. weirii in buffalo

Baccharis Pteronioides Toxicity in Livestock and Hamsters

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