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Abstract. Baccharis pteronioides DC has been intermittently associated with livestock poisoning in the southwestern United States. In 2004, nearly 100 cows were reported poisoned by B. pteronioides in southern New Mexico. Initial field studies and postmortem examinations found drought conditions, evidence of B. pteronioides consumption, and a reported mortality of nearly 40%. Because postmortem materials were unsuitable for further examination, plant samples were collected for feeding trials and chemical evaluation. Forty-eight Syrian hamsters (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into 4 groups and dosed with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg of B. pteronioides for 10 days. After dosing, the hamsters were necropsied; sera were analyzed biochemically; and tissues were collected and evaluated histologically. The hamsters treated with 200 mg and several of the 100-mg animals developed anorexia and diarrhea. These animals developed multiple hemorrhagic infarcts in the liver and kidney, with severe hemorrhagic enteritis. Histologically, the higherdosed animals had severe necrotizing vasculitis with vascular thrombosis of hepatic and renal vessels. Many glomerular capillaries contained fibrin thrombi. The superficial intestinal and colonic mucosa was necrotic, with extensive hemorrhage and proliferation of luminal bacteria. Lower-dosed animals had mild hepatocellular swelling, with proliferation of intestinal and gastric bacteria and yeast. The findings indicate that at high doses, B. pteronioides is toxic to hamsters and produces lesions that are very similar to bacterial endotoxin-produced vasculitis and infarction. Research to purify and identify the toxin, the toxic dose, and mechanism of toxicity are ongoing.

Development of gamma irradiated high moisture traditional dishes derived from locally traditional récipe aimed for specific target groups as ready to eat foods for ensuring the safety, quality, and security purposes have been conducted. The formation of free radicals in the traditional foods induced by ionizing radiation is a part of toxicological studies on irradiated traditional foods was to provide local scientific data base on safety issues.The different foods such as steamed gold fish, spicy curry beef and soy sauces beef were individually vacuum packed in a laminate pouch of PET 12 μm/LDPE 2 μm/AL-Foil 7 μm/LDPE 2 μm/LLDPE 50 μm (PET/Al-Foil/LLDPE), then kept at frozen state. The frozen samples were maintained in cryogenic condition along the irradiation process by placing the samples in styrofoam boxes filled with dry ice then irradiated with gamma rays at the dose of 45 kGy. The irradiated samples were kept and stored at normal temperature prior to test. Both irradiated conventional rat's feed at normal temperature with the dose of 4 kGy and unirradiated one as control were also made. Irradiated and unirradiated samples were sent to animal laboratory, and fed into individual female Sprague Dawley rat as member of a group. The parameters observed were body weight changed of rats, toxicological test to observe the effect free radicals formation in rat's blood by using malon-dialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) methods, respectively, and anatomy pathology diagnosis. Different types of the foods sterilized by ionizing radiation fed ad libitum to the individual Sprague Dawley rat demonstrated that such foods did not give any adverse effect on the reduction of body weight, the toxicological impact, nor anatomypathology examinations of the rats.

Almost 40 years ago, it was reported that cattle-feed which had been extracted with hot trichloroethylene and then fed to calves produced renal injury and a fatal aplastic anaemia. The toxic factor was subsequently identified as S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC). These original findings have been confirmed, a single intravenous dose of DCVC at 4 mg/kg, or 0.4 mg/kg intravenously per day administered for 10 days to calves produced aplastic anaemia, and renal injury after a single dose of 4 mg/kg. The toxicity to calves of a number of other haloalkene cysteine conjugates has been examined to ascertain whether, like DCVC, they produce bone marrow and renal injury. Intravenous administration of the N-acetyl cysteine conjugate of DCVC produced renal but not bone marrow injury at a molar equivalent dose to DCVC, indicating that the calf can deacetylate the mercapturic acid and further that sufficient chemical had reached the kidney to be a substrate for the enzyme cysteine conjugate beta-lyase. However, intravenous administration of the alpha-methyl analogue of DCVC, which cannot undergo metabolism via the enzyme cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, was without toxicity at doses about five-fold higher than DCVC. These latter findings provide strong evidence that metabolism of DCVC via the enzyme beta-lyase is necessary for bone marrow and renal injury to occur. The cysteine conjugates of perchloroethylene and hexachloro-1,3-butadiene(HCBD) when given intravenously to calves at molar equivalent doses to DCVC, or above, did not produce either bone marrow or renal injury. In contrast, intravenous administration of the cysteine conjugate of tetrafluoroethylene (TFEC) produced severe renal tubular injury in calves without affecting the bone marrow. In vitro studies with these haloalkene cysteine conjugates showed, like DCVC, that they were good substrates for calf renal cysteine conjugate beta-lyase and toxic to renal cells as judged by their ability to reduce organic anion and cation transport by slices of calf renal cortex and inhibit the renal enzyme glutathione reductase. Calves were also dosed either orally or intravenously with HCBD to assess its toxicity. HCBD at higher molar equivalent doses than DCVC produced mid-zonal necrosis in the liver, renal tubular necrosis but no bone marrow injury in calves. The key findings emerging from these studies are (1) that none of the other cysteine conjugates, at molar equivalent doses to DCVC and above, produce bone marrow injury in calves, (2) TFEC produced only renal injury, suggesting that sufficient of the other conjugates had not reached the kidney for metabolism by beta-lyase to produce cytotoxicity and (3) that HCBD itself is more toxic than its cysteine or mercapturic acid conjugate, suggesting that pharmaco-kinetics and disposition are important factors in determining the toxicity of these conjugates to calves. Further studies are needed to understand the basis for the selective toxicity of DCVC to the bone marrow of calves.

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ABSTRAK Sani Y, Indraningsih. 2015. Perubahan patologi pada sapi potong yang diduga terpapar tetrachloro dibenzo--dioxins/tetrachloro dibenzofurans. JITV 20(3): 214-223. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v20i3.1189 Kontaminasi tetrachloro dibenzo--dioxins (TCDDs) dan tetra chlorinated dibenzofurans (TCDFs) dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan masyarakat dan hewan seperti kanker, gangguan reproduksi, keracunan kulit dan gangguan neuorologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari perubahan patologis kontaminasi TCDD/Fs dalam pakan pada berbagai jaringan tubuh sapi potong yang mana TCDD/Fs dideteksi dengan GC MS/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa POPs (seperti DDT, heptakhlor, aldrin, dieldrin dan endrin) sebagai pemicu pembentukan dioksin terdeteksi pada semua sampel kecuali air minum ternak. Konsentrasi total OC dalam tanah antara tt-42,73 g/kg, rumput (3,30-27,66 g/kg), air sumur (0,82-1,00 g/kg), konsentrat (3,90 g/kg), serum (tt-13,08 g/kg) dan daging (tt-100,72 g/kg). Lebih lanjut nilai TEQ residu TCDDs/Fs pada daging sapi di Yogyakarta adalah 4.496,66-20.642,40 pg/g dan 717.13 pg/g (daging sapi) dan 0.037 pg/g (jaringan otak) di Solo (Jawa Tengah). Konsentrasi residu TCDD/TCDFs dalam daging sapi berada diatas batas maksimum residu (BMR) yakni sebesar 2 pg/g. Pakan ternak diketahui sebagai sumber utama kontaminasi dioksin pada daging. Perubahan makroskopik meliputi anemia, kaheksia, fibrosis hati, atropi jantung, penyumbatan rumen, konstipasi usus, perdarahan ginjal dan petechiae pada otak. Secara mikroskopis terlihat deplesia limpa, vakuolisasi interseptum, haemoragi dan akumulasi hemosiderin. Jantung mengalami degenerasi, fragmentasi dan pucat pada serabut otot dan pembengkakan inti sel. Hati terlihat pucat, degenerasi sel epitel dan kongesti. Paru-paru mengalami pneumonia, oedema pulmonum dan haemoragi ringan. Usus halus terlihat haemoragi dan infiltrasi sel mononuklear, neutrofil dan eosinofil. Otak mengalami perdarahan, perivascular cuffing dan terdapat intranuclear inclusion bodies. Hewan mengalami enteritis haemoragika, encephalitis dan degenerasi hati. ABSTRACT Sani Y, Indraningsih. 2015. Pathological changes of suspected tetrachloro dibenzo--dioxins/tetrachloro dibenzofurans toxication in beef cattle. JITV 20(3): 214-223. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v20i3.1189 The contamination of tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxins (TCDDs) and tetra chlorinated dibenzofurans (TCDFs) may affect human or animal health such as cancer, reproductive failure, dermaltoxicities and neurologic effects. The present study describes the effects of TCDD/TCDFs contamination in feed to various tissues of beef cattle to which TCDD/TCDFs were detected byGC MS/MS. The results revealed that POPs (DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin) as a precursor for dioxins were detected in all samples except drinking water. The total concentration of OC in soils was Nd-42.73 g/kg, grasses (3.30-27.66 g/kg), well water (0.82-1.00 g/kg), feed mill (3.90 g/kg), sera (Nd-13.08 g/kg) and meats (Nd-100.72 g/kg). Futhermore, the...

Vegetables and dairy milk are important commodities in Pangalengan and Lembang, West Java. However, agrochemicals are used intensively and excessively in production system. Therefore, pesticide residues and contamination commonly occurred in agricultural products and environments. The study aimed to assess farmers’ attitudes on pesticide toxicity and reducing pesticide residues in animal and food crops products, and investigate the attitude changes of farmers on pesticide use. It was an on-farm research and farmers were directly involved in the study. The attitude change was analyzed on questionnaire and interview base for over 99 respondents in Pangalengan and Lembang between 2001 and 2003. Samples of soils, weeds, cabbages and milk were collected for pesticide residue analysis. Results showed that farmers did not aware on toxicity effects of pesticides in both animal and human health. There was misinterpretation among the farmers where pesticides were regarded as drugs rather than toxic compound to increase productivity. The organochlorines/OCs (lindane and heptachlor) were common pesticide contaminants found in soils of 7.9- 11.4 ppb, but no organophospates (OPs) were detected. Both OCs and OPs were also detected in soils of Lembang at a range of 11.53-65.63 ppb and 0.6-2.6 ppb, respectively. There were pesticide residues detected in weeds collected from Pangalengan (8.93 ppb lindane, 2.05 ppb heptachlor, and 33.27 ppb chlorpyriphos methyl/CPM and Lembang (6.45 ppb lindane, 2.65 ppb endosulfan, 6.85 ppb diazinon, and 0.5 ppb CPM). Only endosulfan with least residue level (0.1 ppb) was detected in organic cabbages, whereas lindane was detected much higher (3.7 ppb) in non-organic cabbages. Pesticide residues were not detected in milk of dairy cattle fed on by-products of organic cabbages, but lindane was still present in milk of dairy cattle fed on non-organic cabbages for 7 days subsequently. The present study indicates that the organic farming practice may reduce pesticide residues in animal and agricultural products. Farmers appreciated that pesticides may cause residual effects on their products (95.2%) and affected public health and environment (92.9%). Therefore, they were willing to convert their agricultural practices to organic farming (69.1%).

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