“…These sorts of general contrasts between cultures, however, recently have been called into question by researchers working within a variety of theoretical perspectives (Gjerde, 2004; Helwig, 2006b; Li, 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Turiel, 2002). For example, studies of social reasoning in diverse cultures have found that individuals sometimes uphold personal autonomy, choice, and individual rights in some situations, but subordinate these issues to duties, authority, and hierarchical social norms in others, in ways that often reflect contextual variations rather than general cultural orientations (Helwig, 1995; Milnitsky‐Sapiro, Turiel, & Nucci, 2006; Turiel & Wainryb, 1998). Indeed, the variations in reasoning about different types of rights found in western cultures indicate that western children and adolescents uphold both self‐determination and nurturance rights in ways that depend upon the particular issue in question.…”