Brass Corrosion and The LCR Monitoring Program

Kimbrough, David Eugene

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2001.tb09128.x

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Material content. New brass fixtures, such as faucets, are considered major contributors to lead contamination of tap water (Kimbrough, 2001; Lytle & Schock, 1996; Mariñas et al, 1993). One of the most common types of brass used in faucets is C83600, an alloy with a lead content of 5% by weight.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water

Edwards¹,

2007

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Experimental tests and utilities' practical experience highlighted the importance of chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) in the control of lead leaching to potable water. The effect of higher CSMR was demonstrated in bench‐scale experiments using brass coupons and lead solder‐copper pipe joints, with the amount of lead leaching to water increasing by factors of 1.2–2.7 and 2.3–40.0, respectively. Anion exchange treatment, a switch in coagulant type, and other seemingly innocuous treatment steps can result in significant changes in CSMR. Practical data collected at three US utilities confirmed that alterations in CSMR can trigger serious lead contamination incidents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water

Edwards¹,

2007

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“…Dezincification corrosion has practical consequences for water distribution systems and can cause pipe blockage, burst fittings, and pitting failures (During, 1997; Uhlig & Revie, 1985). In addition, health concerns have been raised because of links between brass dezincification corrosion and a potential increased susceptibility to leach lead from the alloy (Sarver et al, 2010; Sandvig et al, 2009; Boyd et al, 2008; Maynard et al, 2008; Kimbrough, 2007; Abhijeet et al, 2005; Edwards & Abhijeet, 2004; Kimbrough, 2001; Lytle & Schock, 1996); this topic will be examined in a separate publication. High‐profile failures of high‐zinc brass products in certain US localities have sparked renewed interest in dezincification problems (Smith, 2009; Gibb, 2008).…”

Section: Relationship Between Alkalinity and Temporary Hardnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pH, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate on brass dezincification

Zhang¹,

Edwards²

2011

Journal AWWA

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Plumbing failures associated with brass dezincification have recently been reported in some areas of the United States, prompting research to identify the interplay between water chemistry and dezincification propensity. This research identified a critical pH range (8–9) at which “meringue” dezincification was problematic. In addition, the authors have refined interpretation of the classic Turner diagram by attributing beneficial effects to higher alkalinity rather than hardness (or temporary hardness). Among other findings, chloride exacerbates the dezincification propensity of water (high galvanic current/ voltage and zinc leaching) by increasing zinc solubility and decreasing pH at brass surfaces in galvanic couples to copper pipe, leading to increased weight loss and formation of corrosion products. Inhibitive effects of orthophosphate dissipated after around 100 days, calling into question the long‐term efficacy of phosphate inhibitors in mitigating brass dezincification.

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“…The dissolution of lead in water is called plumbosolvency [4]. Lead pipes, lead-based solder, brass fittings and plumbing fixtures such as pipe's jointing faucets are known to be dominant lead sources in public water supply systems [5][6][7]. Lead pipes were replaced with other types of pipes such as polymer materials like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%