Chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water

Edwards, Marc; Triantafyllidou, Simoni

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2007.tb07984.x

Cited by 125 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…A relatively high chloride-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) has been linked to lead corrosion issues especially in low-alkalinity waters (Edwards and Triantyfillidou 2007;Nguyen et al 2010a, b;Stone et al 2011;). All the utilities had a CSMR greater than 0.2 which, according to Nguyen et al (2010b), poses a Bsignificant concern^for utilities with lead solder or partially replaced lead pipes.…”

Section: Field Stations: Chemical Changes In Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Masters

Parks

Atassi

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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Cumulative changes in chemical and biological properties associated with higher "water age" in distribution systems may impact water corrosivity and regulatory compliance with lead and copper action levels. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of water age and chemistry on corrosivity of various downstream premise plumbing pipe materials and configurations using a combination of controlled laboratory studies and a field survey. Examination of lead pipe, copper pipe with lead solder, and leaded brass materials in a replicated lab rig simulating premise plumbing stagnation events indicated that lead or copper release could increase as much as ∼440 % or decrease as much as 98 % relative to water treatment plant effluent. In field studies at five utilities, trends in lead and copper release were highly dependent on circumstance; for example, lead release increased with water age in 13 % of cases and decreased with water age in 33 % of conditions tested. Levels of copper in the distribution system were up to 50 % lower and as much as 30 % higher relative to levels at the treatment plant. In many cases, high-risks of elevated lead and copper did not co-occur, demonstrating that these contaminants will have to be sampled separately to identify "worst case" conditions for human exposure and monitoring.

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Section: Field Stations: Chemical Changes In Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Masters

Parks

Atassi

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These factors include, but are not limited to the following: the composition of the pipes and other components in a distribution system, both prior to and within the household; the amount of time that water is in contact with pipes and other components; the presence or absence of particulates; and additional reactions, particularly those involving constituents not included in the LSI and PPGC indices. Also, treatment and changes in treatment can increase or decrease the concentration of lead in household water supply (Edwards and Triantafyllidou, 2007). The indices and maps presented in this report do not address these additional factors.…”

Section: State-scale Potential Corrosivity and Occurrence Of Lead In mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…By Kenneth Belitz, Bryant C. Jurgens, and Tyler D. Johnson elevated chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR), the potential for galvanic corrosion to occur is elevated (Gregory 1985;Edwards and Triantafyllidou, 2007;Hu and others, 2012), especially in water with low values of alkalinity (Nguyen and others, 2011).…”

Section: Potential Corrosivity Of Untreated Groundwater In the Unitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corrosive water, if untreated, can dissolve lead and other metals from pipes and other components in water distribution systems (Gregory, 1985;Edwards and Triantafyllidou, 2007;Swistock and others, 2009;Pieper and others, 2015). In the United States, water used for public supply is regulated and often is treated to control corrosion, metal contamination, and other undesirable qualities (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential corrosivity of untreated groundwater in the United States

Belitz¹,

Jurgens²,

Johnson³

2016

Scientific Investigations Report

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“…Specifically, removal of sulfate and release of chloride increases the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR), which has been shown to be predictive of lead corrosion [111]. Data from jar tests, pilot plant tests, and full-scale installations were analyzed for the impact of MIEX treatment on the CSMR.…”

Section: Impact On Water Distribution Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter by Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin

Boyer

2015

Curr Pollution Rep

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This article provides a state-of-the-art review on the uses of magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin in drinking water and wastewater treatment, with emphasis on removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from drinking water and wastewater, regeneration efficiency, removal of inorganic and synthetic organic chemicals, comparison with other anion exchange resins, and integration with other physical-chemical processes. Through laboratory jar tests, pilot plant tests, and full-scale installations for a variety of drinking water sources, MIEX resin can achieve 30-80 % removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is often higher than alum or ferric coagulation. In addition, MIEX resin has been shown to remove hydrophilic, transphilic, and hydrophobic fractions of DOM and a wide range of molecular weight fractions of DOM. As a result, MIEX pretreatment results in substantial reductions in the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids upon chlorination. MIEX resin can achieve bromide removal in the range of 10-50 %, with higher bromide removal in waters with low DOC, low alkalinity, and low sulfate. However, there are commercially available anion exchange resins that are more selective for bromide than MIEX resin. MIEX resin has been investigated in combination with coagulation, activated carbon adsorption, membrane separation, lime softening, and ozonation. MIEX pretreatment has been shown to reduce downstream chemical requirements and improve the operation of downstream processes. This is most evident for coagulation and ozonation where the coagulant dose can be reduced by 50-75 % and the ozone concentration can be increased by 40-65 %. In general, MIEX pretreatment shows minor reductions in membrane fouling. Future research should continue to investigate the integration of MIEX treatment with other processes.

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Chloride‐to‐sulfate mass ratio and lead leaching to water

Cited by 125 publications

References 8 publications

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Distribution system water age can create premise plumbing corrosion hotspots

Potential corrosivity of untreated groundwater in the United States

Removal of Dissolved Organic Matter by Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin

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