Branched-chain fatty acid composition of human milk and the impact of maternal diet: the Global Exploration of Human Milk (GEHM) Study

Dingess, Kelly A.; Valentine, Christina J.; Ollberding, Nicholas J.; Davidson, Barbara; Woo, Jessica G.; Summer, Suzanne; Peng, Yongmei; Guerrero, M. Lourdes; Ruíz-Palacios, Guillermo M.; Ran-Ressler, Rinat; McMahon, Robert J.; Brenna, J. Thomas; Morrow, Ardythe L.

doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.132464

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…BCFAs are common constituents of microbial lipids present in abundant quantities but have also been found in many other organisms (e.g., C. elegans, [28]) including mammals [29][30][31], although in much lower amounts. In humans, BCFAs have been detected in various tissues and fluids including vernix caseosa, the biofilm covering the skin of the fetus [32,33], colostrum and mature breast milk [34][35][36], adipose tissue [37], and serum [38]. Early work by Nicolaides and co-authors [39][40][41] established that the meibomian and sebaceous glands of the human skin produce BCFAs secreted into meibum and sebum, respectively.…”

Section: Occurrence and Metabolism Of Bcfas In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids—An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids

et al. 2020

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Dairy fat and its fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to possess pro-health properties that can support health maintenance and disease prevention. In particular, branched-chain FAs (BCFAs), comprising approximately 2% of dairy fat, have recently been proposed as bioactive molecules contributing to the positive health effects associated with the consumption of full-fat dairy products. This narrative review evaluates human trials assessing the relationship between BCFAs and metabolic risk factors, while potential underlying biological mechanisms of BCFAs are explored through discussion of studies in animals and cell lines. In addition, this review details the biosynthetic pathway of BCFAs as well as the content and composition of BCFAs in common retail dairy products. Research performed with in vitro models demonstrates the potent, structure-specific properties of BCFAs to protect against inflammation, cancers, and metabolic disorders. Yet, human trials assessing the effect of BCFAs on disease risk are surprisingly scarce, and to our knowledge, no research has investigated the specific role of dietary BCFAs. Thus, our review highlights the critical need for scientific inquiry regarding dairy-derived BCFAs, and the influence of this overlooked FA class on human health.

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Section: Occurrence and Metabolism Of Bcfas In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids—An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids

et al. 2020

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“…Literature reports large inter-subject variations in the composition of expressed own mother’s milk [ 21 ]. Indeed, the fat composition can be directly impacted by numerous factors, including maternal diet [ 22 , 23 ], body mass index (BMI) [ 24 ], parity [ 25 ], or stage of lactation [ 26 , 27 ]. Regarding gestational age, it has been reported to impact total milk fat content only in the first stage of lactation [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants

et al. 2018

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Human milk is recommended for feeding preterm infants. The current pilot study aims to determine whether breast-milk lipidome had any impact on the early growth-pattern of preterm infants fed their own mother’s milk. A prospective-monocentric-observational birth-cohort was established, enrolling 138 preterm infants, who received their own mother’s breast-milk throughout hospital stay. All infants were ranked according to the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge. Then, we selected infants who experienced “slower” (n = 15, −1.54 ± 0.42 Z-score) or “faster” (n = 11, −0.48 ± 0.19 Z-score) growth; as expected, although groups did not differ regarding gestational age, birth weight Z-score was lower in the “faster-growth” group (0.56 ± 0.72 vs. −1.59 ± 0.96). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry lipidomic signatures combined with multivariate analyses made it possible to identify breast-milk lipid species that allowed clear-cut discrimination between groups. Validation of the selected biomarkers was performed using multidimensional statistical, false-discovery-rate and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) tools. Breast-milk associated with faster growth contained more medium-chain saturated fatty acid and sphingomyelin, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA)-containing phosphethanolamine, and less oleic acid-containing triglyceride and DGLA-oxylipin. The ability of such biomarkers to predict early-growth was validated in presence of confounding clinical factors but remains to be ascertained in larger cohort studies.

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“…Similarly, the mammary gland can only synthesize short and medium-chain FA, however the relationship between maternal diet and FA composition in HM has been demonstrated previously 26,27 . Previous FA research in HM has found odd chain FAs, therefore we expected identification of TAGs containing odd-chain FA, such as 17:0 and 19:1, as in TAG13(20:4_/17:0/_22:5) and TAG18(19:1_20:1_20:1) 28 . Maternal dietary sources of fatty acids include foods such as nuts, animal fats, and fish oils, with odd chained FAs primarily derived from consumption of dairy milk and meat (Table 3) 29 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Untargeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals novel triacylglycerides in human milk

George

Gay

Wlodek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Human milk provides the infant with the essential nutritive and non-nutritive factors required for health, growth and development. the human milk lipidome is complex, but comprises predominantly triacylglycerides. Historically, the fatty acid profile of the entire human milk lipidome has been investigated, and many relationships have been identified between infant health and fatty acids. Most of these fatty acids are, however, delivered to the infant as triacylglycerides. Using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, the objective of this study was to characterise the triacylglyceride profile of human milk and elucidate relationships between the triacylglyceride profile and infant outcomes in a cohort of 10 exclusively breastfeeding woman-infant dyads. 205 triacylglycerides were identified, including 98 previously not reported in human milk. The dose of specific triacylglycerides differed in relation to infant health, such as lauric acid containing TAGs, which were delivered in significantly higher dose to healthy infants compared to unwell infants.

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Branched-chain fatty acid composition of human milk and the impact of maternal diet: the Global Exploration of Human Milk (GEHM) Study

Abstract: BCFA concentrations in milk at 4 wk postpartum differed between mothers from Cincinnati, Shanghai, and Mexico City. Variations in human-milk BCFAs are influenced by diet. The impact of BCFAs on infant health warrants investigation.

Cited by 45 publications

References 39 publications

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids—An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids

Branched-Chain Fatty Acids—An Underexplored Class of Dairy-Derived Fatty Acids

Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants

Untargeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals novel triacylglycerides in human milk

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