Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Solé‐Padullés, Cristina; Bartrés‐Faz, David; Junqué, Carme; Vendrell, Pere; Rami, Lorena; Clemente, Imma C.; Bosch, Beatríz; Villar, Amparo; Bargalló, Núria; Jurado, Marı́a Ángeles; Barrios, Maite; Molinuevo, José Luís

doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.008

Cited by 323 publications

(285 citation statements)

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“…Consistently with previous task-related activation studies showing that higher cognitive reserve is related to lower (and thus more efficient) cerebral functioning Bosch et al, 2010;Solé-Padullés et al, 2009;Steffener et al, 2011), the current findings suggest that individuals with higher education and vocabulary levels need less activity in specific brain regions of functional networks allowing mental processes oriented to the self and attention to the external world during rest. Such interpretation in terms of neural efficiency was reinforced by the results of the regression analysis showing that decreased metabolic activity in the TPC was associated with better memory performance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…These findings indicate that healthy elders with high cognitive reserve are more prone than participants with less cognitive reserve to engage brain regions not typically involved in task performance by young adults in order to aid cognitive function" (p. 6). With regard to neural efficiency, decreased activity is usually observed in regions typically associated with the task: "a series of fMRI studies in healthy aging showed that higher level of cognitive reserve was associated with reduced task-related activation in typically involved regions Bosch et al, 2010;Solé-Padullés et al, 2009;Steffener et al, 2011). This was observed for different cognitive domains and in the context of similar level of performance" (p. 7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cognitive reserve impacts on inter-individual variability in resting-state cerebral metabolism in normal aging

et al. 2012

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There is a great deal of heterogeneity in the impact of aging on cognition and cerebral functioning. One potential factor contributing to individual differences among the elders is the cognitive reserve, which designates the partial protection from the deleterious effects of aging that lifetime experience provides. Neuroimaging studies examining task-related activation in elderly people suggested that cognitive reserve takes the form of more efficient use of brain networks and/or greater ability to recruit alternative networks to compensate for age-related cerebral changes. In this multicentre study, we examined the relationships between cognitive reserve, as measured by education and verbal intelligence, and cerebral metabolism at rest (FDG-PET) in a sample of 74 healthy older participants. Higher degree of education and verbal intelligence was associated with less metabolic activity in the right posterior temporoparietal cortex and the left anterior intraparietal sulcus. Functional connectivity analyses of resting-state fMRI images in a subset of 41 participants indicated that these regions belong to the default mode network and the dorsal attention network respectively. Lower metabolism in the temporoparietal cortex was also associated with better memory abilities. The findings provide evidence for an inverse relationship between cognitive reserve and resting-state activity in key regions of two functional networks respectively involved in internal mentation and goaldirected attention.Liège, the 11 th of June 2012Ref. Dear Pr. Lustig, Please find attached the revision of our manuscript entitled "Cognitive reserve impacts on interindividual variability in resting-state cerebral metabolism in normal aging" that we submit for publication in NeuroImage.We thank you for giving us the opportunity to revise our manuscript. We are also grateful to the Reviewers for their useful suggestions that have all been taken into account in this revised version. Changes to the text appear in bold in the manuscript. Highlights-Variability in cerebral metabolism is related to cognitive reserve in older people.-The correlated regions were part of the default mode and dorsal attention networks.-Higher cognitive reserve might refer to optimized resting-state brain functioning. Response to Reviews Dear Pr. Lustig, dear Reviewers, We thank you for giving us the opportunity to revise our manuscript. We are also grateful to the Reviewers for their useful suggestions that have all been taken into account in this revised version. Changes to the text appear in bold in the manuscript. Please find below detailed answers to each comment.Reviewer #11. Reviewer 1 underlines the lack of clarity of the introduction with respect to the meaning of cerebral differences associated with cognitive reserve. We agree that decreased metabolic activity is not necessarily a positive outcome and that increased and decreased fMRI activity in aging may refer to beneficial or detrimental mechanisms depending on how this correlates with performance. ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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confidence: 99%

Cognitive reserve impacts on inter-individual variability in resting-state cerebral metabolism in normal aging

et al. 2012

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“…Studies investigating cerebral metabolism at rest showed a negative association between a proxy of reserve combining education and intelligence and metabolic activity in temporoparietal areas (Bastin et al, 2012) or failed to show any influence of education (Perneczky et al, 2006, Scarmeas et al, 2003a. By contrast, functional studies during memory tasks showed functional reorganization of brain networks (compensation) in healthy elders with higher education compared to young individuals (Scarmeas et al, 2003b;Springer et al, 2005), and more efficient or optimal patterns of brain activation in elders with higher reserve proxies compared to elders with lower reserve proxies (Bosch et al, 2010;Solé-Padullés et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Relationships between years of education and gray matter volume, metabolism and functional connectivity in healthy elders

et al. 2013

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More educated elders are less susceptible to age-related or pathological cognitive changes. We aimed at providing a comprehensive contribution to the neural mechanism underlying this effect thanks to a multimodal approach. Thirtysix healthy elders were selected based on neuropsychological assessments and cerebral amyloid imaging, i.e. as presenting normal cognition and a negative florbetapir-PET scan. All subjects underwent structural MRI, FDG-PET and resting-state functional MRI scans. We assessed the relationships between years of education and i) gray matter volume, ii) gray matter metabolism and iii) functional connectivity in the brain areas showing associations with both volume and metabolism. Higher years of education were related to greater volume in the superior temporal gyrus, insula and anterior cingulate cortex and to greater metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex. The latter thus showed both volume and metabolism increases with education. Seed connectivity analyses based on this region showed that education was positively related to the functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the hippocampus as well as the inferior frontal lobe, posterior cingulate cortex and angular gyrus. Increased connectivity was in turn related with improved cognitive performances. Reinforcement of the connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex with distant cortical areas of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes appears as one of the mechanisms underlying education-related reserve in healthy elders.

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“…However, at least some age-related macrostructural declines can be attenuated by positive lifestyle variables. For example, a number of neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that specific lifestyle variables such as exercise, leisure activities, education, and occupation can have a positive impact on cortical structure in aging (Brayne et al 2010;Colcombe et al 2006;Sole-Padulles et al 2009). These anatomically based structural benefits of positive lifestyle variables may contribute to individual differences in clinically manifested cognitive deficits (Stern et al 1995a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High SES has been linked with increased exposure to cognitively stimulating environments compared to low SES (Hackman et al 2010) and is associated with a lower risk of developing dementia (Stern et al 1994;Valenzuela and Sachdev 2006). In contrast, low SES has been linked with greater exposure to life stressors and reduced brain volume in aging Sole-Padulles et al 2009). SES is of strong theoretical interest to life span approaches to aging because it most likely continues to affect individuals across the duration of their employment career (into the sixth decade of life in most cases).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic status is positively correlated with frontal white matter integrity in aging

Johnson

Kim

Gold

2012

AGE

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Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important reserve variable which has been shown to benefit the aging brain's macrostructure. However, it remains unknown whether SES affects age-related changes in the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure. Here, we used diffusion tensor imaging to explore the relationship between SES and three components of the diffusion tensor [fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity (DR)]. Participants were 40 (16 male) cognitively normal young adults (mean age=33.3 years, SD=4.27) and 44 (19 male) cognitively normal community dwelling seniors (mean age=66.2 years, SD= 7.5). Age-related FA declines were observed across a large portion of the WM skeleton. However, seniors with high SES showed lower age-related WM integrity declines in three frontal tracts: the right anterior corona radiata and bilateral portions of WM underlying the superior frontal gyri (SFG-WM). Positive SES-FA correlations were primarily driven by negative DR-SES correlations, suggesting that SES may buffer age-related declines in myelin. The functional significance of high SES in these frontal tracts was demonstrated through positive correlations with working memory performance. Possible mechanisms through which SES may attenuate the effects of age on frontal WM integrity are discussed.

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Brain structure and function related to cognitive reserve variables in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Cited by 323 publications

References 50 publications

Cognitive reserve impacts on inter-individual variability in resting-state cerebral metabolism in normal aging

Cognitive reserve impacts on inter-individual variability in resting-state cerebral metabolism in normal aging

Relationships between years of education and gray matter volume, metabolism and functional connectivity in healthy elders

Socioeconomic status is positively correlated with frontal white matter integrity in aging

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