Brain activity from stimuli that are not perceived: Visual mismatch negativity during binocular rivalry suppression

Jack, Bradley N.; Widmann, Andreas; O’Shea, Robert P; Schröger, Erich; Roeber, Urte

doi:10.1111/psyp.12831

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…However, they differed in how they interacted with awareness and the task. The vMMN was observable independently of these factors, which is in line with prior findings showing nonconscious effects between deviant and standards during binocular rivalry (Jack et al, 2017). Thus, the current study adds new evidence that the vMMN can also be elicited in this novel and ecologically valid no-report IB paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Although there is evidence for a nonconscious MMN, the P3 to deviant stimuli seems to be elicited only during conscious processing (Bekinschtein et al, 2009;Faugeras et al, 2012;Strauss et al, 2015;Jack et al, 2017; but see Silverstein et al, 2015). This outcome accords with the proposal that awareness and the emergence of a P3 are strongly associated (Dehaene et al, 2006(Dehaene et al, , 2014.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

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Differential Effects of Awareness and Task Relevance on Early and Late ERPs in a No-Report Visual Oddball Paradigm

et al. 2020

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To date it is poorly understood how and when deviance processing interacts with awareness and task relevance. Furthermore, an important issue in the study of consciousness is the prevalent confound of conscious perception with the requirement of reporting it. This study addresses these topics using a no-report inattentional blindness paradigm with a visual oddball sequence of geometrical shapes presented to male and female human participants. Electrophysiological responses were obtained in three physically identical Phases A-C that differed only with respect to the instructions: (A) participants were uninformed about the shapes and attended an unrelated foreground task (inattentional blind), (B) were informed about the shapes but still attended the foreground task, and (C) attended the shapes. Conscious processing of shapes was indexed by the visual awareness negativity but not a P3. Deviance processing was associated with the visual mismatch negativity independently of consciousness and task relevance. The oddball P3, however, only emerged when the stimuli were task relevant, and was absent for consciously perceived but task irrelevant stimuli. The P3 thus does not represent a reliable marker of stimulus awareness. This result pattern supports the view of hierarchical predictive processing, where lower levels display automatic deviance processing, whereas higher levels require attention and task relevance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Differential Effects of Awareness and Task Relevance on Early and Late ERPs in a No-Report Visual Oddball Paradigm

et al. 2020

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“…Fig 2B shows that there were positive voltages at right occipital electrodes for the P1, whereas for the N1, there were negative voltages at right occipital electrodes and positive voltages at fronto-central electrodes. We consistently see this right-hemisphere bias in many of our binocular rivalry and ERP studies [ 43 , 45 , 92 , 110 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Does the oblique effect require visual consciousness? Recently, Takács et al [ 91 ] found that infrequent and unpredictable changes in the orientation of task-irrelevant gratings elicited a bigger visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), an ERP component thought to index pre-attentive visual change detection [ 92 – 94 ], from cardinal gratings than from oblique gratings. They concluded that the oblique effect does not require attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do early neural correlates of visual consciousness show the oblique effect? A binocular rivalry and event-related potential study

2017

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When dissimilar images are presented one to each eye, we do not see both images; rather, we see one at a time, alternating unpredictably. This is called binocular rivalry, and it has recently been used to study brain processes that correlate with visual consciousness, because perception changes without any change in the sensory input. Such studies have used various types of images, but the most popular have been gratings: sets of bright and dark lines of orthogonal orientations presented one to each eye. We studied whether using cardinal rival gratings (vertical, 0°, and horizontal, 90°) versus oblique rival gratings (left-oblique, –45°, and right-oblique, 45°) influences early neural correlates of visual consciousness, because of the oblique effect: the tendency for visual performance to be greater for cardinal gratings than for oblique gratings. Participants viewed rival gratings and pressed keys indicating which of the two gratings they perceived, was dominant. Next, we changed one of the gratings to match the grating shown to the other eye, yielding binocular fusion. Participants perceived the rivalry-to-fusion change to the dominant grating and not to the other, suppressed grating. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we found neural correlates of visual consciousness at the P1 for both sets of gratings, as well as at the P1-N1 for oblique gratings, and we found a neural correlate of the oblique effect at the N1, but only for perceived changes. These results show that the P1 is the earliest neural activity associated with visual consciousness and that visual consciousness might be necessary to elicit the oblique effect.

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“…One main characteristic of the MMN is that it is elicited irrespective of whether the participants are attending to the stream of presentation or become aware of the deviation. While this was extensively demonstrated in the auditory modality (see Näätänen et al, 2007 ), there is increasing evidence that the MMN also mirrors automatic and pre-attentive change detection in the visual modality (Berti, 2011 ; Flynn et al, 2017 ; Jack et al, 2017 ). The second main feature is that the MMN is often followed by a frontal P3 or P3a (for instance, when the deviants become task-relevant).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Orienting Response in Healthy Aging: Novelty P3 Indicates No General Decline but Reduced Efficacy for Fast Stimulation Rates

2017

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Automatic orienting to unexpected changes in the environment is a pre-requisite for adaptive behavior. One prominent mechanism of automatic attentional control is the Orienting Response (OR). Despite the fundamental significance of the OR in everyday life, only little is known about how the OR is affected by healthy aging. We tested this question in two age groups (19-38 and 55-72 years) and measured skin-conductance responses (SCRs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to novels (i.e., short environmental sounds presented only once in the experiment; 10% of the trials) compared to standard sounds (600 Hz sinusoidal tones with 200 ms duration; 90% of the trials). Novel and standard stimuli were presented in four conditions differing in the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) with a mean ISI of either 10, 3, 1, or 0.5 s (blocked presentation). In both age groups, pronounced SCRs were elicited by novels in the 10 s ISI condition, suggesting the elicitation of stable ORs. These effects were accompanied by pronounced N1 and frontal P3 amplitudes in the ERP, suggesting that automatic novelty processing and orientation of attention are effective in both age groups. Furthermore, the SCR and ERP effects declined with decreasing ISI length. In addition, differences between the two groups were observable with the fastest presentation rates (i.e., 1 and 0.5 s ISI length). The most prominent difference was a shift of the peak of the frontal positivity from around 300 to 200 ms in the 19-38 years group while in the 55-72 years group the amplitude of the frontal P3 decreased linearly with decreasing ISI length. Taken together, this pattern of results does not suggest a general decline in processing efficacy with healthy aging. At least with very rare changes (here, the novels in the 10 s ISI condition) the OR is as effective in healthy older adults as in younger adults. With faster presentation rates, however, the efficacy of the OR decreases. This seems to result in a switch from novelty to deviant processing in younger adults, but less so in the group of older adults.

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Brain activity from stimuli that are not perceived: Visual mismatch negativity during binocular rivalry suppression

Cited by 17 publications

References 77 publications

Differential Effects of Awareness and Task Relevance on Early and Late ERPs in a No-Report Visual Oddball Paradigm

Differential Effects of Awareness and Task Relevance on Early and Late ERPs in a No-Report Visual Oddball Paradigm

Do early neural correlates of visual consciousness show the oblique effect? A binocular rivalry and event-related potential study

The Orienting Response in Healthy Aging: Novelty P3 Indicates No General Decline but Reduced Efficacy for Fast Stimulation Rates

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