Bovine Mycoplasmas

Gourlay, R. N.; Howard, C.J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-078402-8.50008-5

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…In addition, Mycoplasma dispar and Ureaplasma diversum have frequently been isolated from the respiratory tracts of pneumonic calves, and their prevalence is assumed to be worldwide also (16). Their pathogenic significance in calf respiratory disease has been proven (7). U. diversum can also be isolated from the genital tracts of cows and bulls.…”

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confidence: 99%

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum strains to antimicrobial agents in vitro

Laak

Noordergraaf

Verschure

1993

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of various strains of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum, which are prevalent causes of pneumonia in calves, to 16 antimicrobial agents in vitro. The MICs of the antimicrobial agents were determined by a serial broth dilution method for 16 field strains and the type strain of M. bovis, for 19 field strains and the type strain of M. dispar, and for 17 field strains of U. diversum. Final MICs for M. bovis and M. dispar were read after 7 days and final MICs for U. diversum after 1 to 2 days. All strains tested were susceptible to tylosin, kitasamycin, and tiamulin but were resistant to nifuroquine and streptomycin. Most strains of U. diversum were intermediately susceptible to oxytetracycline but fuly susceptible to chlortetracycline; most strains of M. bovis and M. dispar, however, were resistant to both agents. Strains of M. dispar and U. diversum were susceptible to doxycycline and minocycline, but strains of M. bovis were only intermediately susceptible. Susceptibility or resistance to chloramphenicol, spiramycin, spectinomycin, lincomycin, or enrofloxacin depended on the species but was not equal for the three species. The type strains of M. bovis and M. dispar were more susceptible to various antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines, than the field strains. This finding might indicate that M. bovis and M. dispar strains are becoming resistant to these agents. Antimicrobial agents that are effective in vitro against all three mycoplasma species can be considered for treating mycoplasma infections in pneumonic calves. Therefore, tylosin, kitasamycin, and tiamulin may be preferred over oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline.Several mycoplasma species, of the many that have been isolated from cattle, are pathogenic. Mycoplasma bovis is regarded as the most pathogenic, with the exception of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony biotype, the agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. M. bovis causes mastitis in dairy cattle, respiratory tract infections in calves, and arthritis in all age groups of cattle, and it is prevalent worldwide (5). In addition, Mycoplasma dispar and Ureaplasma diversum have frequently been isolated from the respiratory tracts of pneumonic calves, and their prevalence is assumed to be worldwide also (16). Their pathogenic significance in calf respiratory disease has been proven (7). U. diversum can also be isolated from the genital tracts of cows and bulls. M. bovis, M. dispar, and U. diversum are prevalent in the Netherlands (23, 25).Because bacteria and mycoplasmas are involved in calf pneumonia, calves are often treated with antimicrobial agents. The massive and timely use of macrolide antibiotics, singly or in combination with other drugs, contributed to the recovery of more than 90% of calves affected by pneumonia (12). Although antimicrobial agents cause calves to recover from the clinical signs of respiratory disease (12), they do not eliminate mycoplasmas from the herd. Although t...

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confidence: 99%

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum strains to antimicrobial agents in vitro

Laak

Noordergraaf

Verschure

1993

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The single circular chromosome of 1,003,404 bp reveals multiple gene sets and mechanisms involved in variable expression of surface antigens and the incursion of numerous and assorted mobile elements, despite its reduced size.Mycoplasma bovis is a major bacterial pathogen causing widespread respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle (1,5). A member of the wall-less Mollicutes class, it displays marked genome reduction and a parasitic lifestyle lacking key metabolic pathways.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Mycoplasma bovis is a major bacterial pathogen causing widespread respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle (1,5). A member of the wall-less Mollicutes class, it displays marked genome reduction and a parasitic lifestyle lacking key metabolic pathways.…”

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confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma bovis Type Strain PG45 (ATCC 25523)

et al. 2011

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This complete and fully assembled genome sequence of Mycoplasma bovis type strain PG45 is the first available for this species and offers a framework for comparison with additional pathogenic isolates. The single circular chromosome of 1,003,404 bp reveals multiple gene sets and mechanisms involved in variable expression of surface antigens and the incursion of numerous and assorted mobile elements, despite its reduced size.Mycoplasma bovis is a major bacterial pathogen causing widespread respiratory disease, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle (1,5). A member of the wall-less Mollicutes class, it displays marked genome reduction and a parasitic lifestyle lacking key metabolic pathways. It is refractory to several classes of antibiotics, and bacterins for immunological control need continued improvement. Adaptive variation through high-frequency phase variation of surface lipoproteins (LPs) is known to occur through site-specific recombination among the family of vsp genes (8, 9). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of some gene sets (13), numerous classes of insertion-like sequences (IS elements) (7), and integrative conjugative elements (ICE) (10) are reported in M. bovis or its close phylogenetic relative M. agalactiae, a pathogenic species infecting caprine hosts. Complete sequencing and assembly of the M. bovis genome were pursued to better reveal its content and dynamics relevant to disease control measures. In order to minimize rearrangements or mutational heterogeneity in the genome sample, template DNA was prepared from an axenic culture propagated from a single colony isolate (MU clone A2, phenotype VspO ON; available under proper regulatory controls). The genome, comprising a single circular chromosome, was sequenced to closure using the Sanger random shotgun method (3), yielding approximately 8-fold sequence coverage.The genome has a 29.3% GϩC content, contains 826 open reading frames (ORFs; including 61 pseudogenes) with an 89% coding density, and has limited sets of 6 rRNA and 34 tRNA genes, characteristic of Mollicutes. A large set of 54 IS elements (comprising seven distinct categories) (7) is scattered throughout the chromosome. Two ICE occur. ICEB-1 (23,271 bp, 18 ORFs) is a counterpart to ICEA, an element similarly positioned in the highly syntenous M. agalactiae PG2 genome (11), thereby suggesting that integration occurred in a common ancestor prior to speciation. ICEB-2 (37,408 bp, 33 ORFs) is inserted into an IS element that is implicated in the inversion of a 483-kb region of the M. bovis PG45 chromosome, relative to M. agalactiae PG2. The potential for genome plasticity among strains of M. bovis is underscored by these features.The predicted LP surface proteome of M. bovis type strain PG45 was determined using established algorithms (2, 6) and an extended search pattern, {DERK}(6)- [LIVMFWSTAG](2)-[LIVMFYSTAGCQ]-[AGSTKRQ]-C, to include atypical residues (underlined) at the Ϫ1 position of the lipobox, previously demonstrated in this lineage of Mollicutes (4, 9). Of 96 predicted LPs, 40 contain at...

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“…This suggests a role for ovine 380 -ureaplasmas in naturally occurring ovine mastitis. A similar role was suggested for bovine ureaplasmas in bovine mastitis (Gourlay, Howard & Brownlie, 1972) and a limited number of naturally occurring bovine ureaplasma mastitis cases have been reported (Gourlay & Howard, 1979). It is probable that ureaplasma mastitis has not been extensively looked for in either species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The ovine mammary gland as an experimental model to determine the virulence of animal ureaplasmas

Ball

Mackie

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYAs an estimate of their virulence, the ability of ovine, bovine, canine, feline and simian ureaplasma strains to cause mastitis in the ovine mammary gland was investigated. Five ovine ureaplasmas produced a clinical mastitis. Broth cultures of seven bovine ureaplasmas were unable to infect the ovine gland, but two of these strains plus one other were able to do so following passage through the bovine udder. One of two canine strains and a feline strain both caused mastitis, but the simian strain persisted at low titre for only 5 days post-inoculation in one of the two ewes tested.

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Bovine Mycoplasmas

Cited by 31 publications

References 158 publications

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum strains to antimicrobial agents in vitro

Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma dispar, and Ureaplasma diversum strains to antimicrobial agents in vitro

Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma bovis Type Strain PG45 (ATCC 25523)

The ovine mammary gland as an experimental model to determine the virulence of animal ureaplasmas

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