Bovine Kobuviruses from Cattle with Diarrhea

Khamrin, Pattara; Maneekarn, Niwat; Peerakome, Supatra; Okitsu, Shoko; Mizuguchi, Masashi; Ushijima, Hiroshi

doi:10.3201/eid1406.070784

Cited by 50 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Aichi viruses have been associated with gastroenteritis, often in mixed infections with other enteric viruses, and a high seroprevalence has been reported (4,13,29,36,41,(48)(49)(50)(51)(52). Kobuviruses have also been detected worldwide in both pigs and cows and were also associated with diarrhea (26,37,38). The detection of saliviruses in Nigeria, Tunisia, Nepal, and the United States reported here and recently in the United States, Australia, and Spain (14,16) shows that these viruses are very widely spread (16).…”

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confidence: 81%

A Novel Picornavirus Associated with Gastroenteritis

Victoria

Kapoor

et al. 2009

J Virol

120

117

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A novel picornavirus genome was sequenced, showing 42.6%, 35.2%, and 44.6% of deduced amino acid identities corresponding to the P1, P2, and P3 regions, respectively, of the Aichi virus. Divergent strains of this new virus, which we named salivirus, were detected in 18 stool samples from Nigeria, Tunisia, Nepal, and the United States. A statistical association was seen between virus shedding and unexplained cases of gastroenteritis in Nepal (P ‫؍‬ 0.0056). Viruses with approximately 90% nucleotide similarity, named klassevirus, were also recently reported in three cases of unexplained diarrhea from the United States and Australia and in sewage from Spain, reflecting a global distribution and supporting a pathogenic role for this new group of picornaviruses.The falling cost of DNA sequencing has led to a recent surge in human and animal virus discoveries (1-3, 5-12, 14, 16-17, 19-24, 27, 30, 31, 33, 39, 43, 44). While the pathogenicity of some newly characterized human viruses has been demonstrated, it remains unknown or controversial for other viruses, which may be commensal or pathogenic in only a very small fraction of infections (25,32,40,42,45). Genetic characterization of previously unknown viruses allows the rapid design of nucleic acid tests needed to determine their association with different medical conditions, their presence in different populations, and the design of antibody tests for determining seroprevalence (25, 28, 34, 35, 47).Using sequence-independent PCR amplification, pyrosequencing, and sequence similarity searches (46) (see the text in the supplemental material), we analyzed the virus sequences present in 95 stool samples from Nigerian children suffering from nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Sequences derived from a 10-month-old female child exhibiting right-side asymmetric sudden flaccid paralysis (patient no. NG-J1) formed a 6,981-bp contig consisting of 2,903 individual sequence reads, which was distantly related to sequence of the Aichi virus species in the Kobuvirus genus of the Picornaviridae family (48, 49). Similar sequences were also observed in a second, 24-month-old patient with right-side asymmetric sudden flaccid paralysis (patient no. NG-F1). Gaps between sequenced viral fragments were connected by nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), while the 5Ј and 3Ј extremity sequences were acquired using primers designed over conserved regions of bovine, porcine, and human kobuviruses. We temporarily named these viruses saliviruses (stool Aichi-like viruses).The resulting salivirus genome, NG-J1, was 7,124 bp in length with a GC content of 57%, excluding a poly(A) tail. NG-J1 contained a large open reading frame of 7,125 bp encoding a putative polyprotein precursor of 2,374 amino acids (aa), a 5Ј untranslated region (UTR) of 709 bp, and a 3ЈUTR of 148 bp (Fig. 1).NG-J1 and NG-F1 were highly similar, with nucleotide similarities of 94% and 95% in the P1 and P3 regions, respectively. Salivirus NG-J1 had approximately 90% nucleotide similarity to the recently described klasse...

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confidence: 81%

A Novel Picornavirus Associated with Gastroenteritis

Victoria

Kapoor

et al. 2009

J Virol

120

117

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“…In prior studies, bovine kobuvirus was detected in 12 of 72 (16.7%) stool samples in Japan [3], 6 of 72 (8.3%) fecal samples in Thailand [5], and 2 of 32 (6.25%) fecal samples in Hungary [6]. Korean bovine kobuvirus was markedly more prevalent, being detected in 37 of the 107 (34.6%) fecal samples.…”

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confidence: 89%

Three clusters of bovine kobuvirus isolated in Korea, 2008–2010

et al. 2011

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Fecal samples (n = 107) were collected from cattle with ascertained or suspected diarrheal disease on Korean farms during 2008-2010. Of these, 37 samples tested positive for bovine kobuvirus. The 37 positive samples came from 32 cattle that exhibited diarrhea and five cattle that were non-diarrhetic. The majority of the virus-positive feces samples were from calves under 1 month of age (n = 25). Nine of the 37 cattle infected with bovine kobuvirus were confirmed to have a co-infection with other viruses including bovine rotavirus (n = 3), bovine coronavirus (n = 1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (n = 1), and both bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (n = 4). A neighbor-joining tree grouped 36 of the Korean kobuvirus strains (with the exception of the KB8 strain) into three clusters (G1, G3, and G4), while strains derived from Thailand and Japan (except the U1 strain) were included in the G2 cluster. The results indicated that Korean bovine kobuvirus has diverse lineages regardless of disease status and species.

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“…Strain Z20 also confi rms the 174-nt 3′-UTR region of bovine kobuvirus. At this time it is not clear what diseases (including gastroenteritis) are associated with bovine kobuvirus (3,5). In addition to the bovine kobuvirus, 2 other RNA viruses that are transmitted by the fecal-oral route (genotypes GIII/1 and GIII/2 of bovine noroviruses and rotavirus) were detected at the same time from these apparently healthy animals.…”

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confidence: 97%