Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin

Skidmore, M. W.; Paulson, G. D.; Kuiper, H.A.; Ohlin, B; Reynolds, S.

doi:10.1002/ps.442

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The IUPAC definitions may be made more precise by specifying that bound residues contain the xenobiotic in covalent linkage to endogenous macromolecules. Examples for non‐covalent association also exist, and, following a previous recommendation10, 14 such residues will be termed here ‘unextractable’. As will be seen below, methods to distinguish between covalent and non‐covalent binding are available.…”

Section: Definition Of ‘Bound’ and Unextractable Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, most studies were performed under laboratory or greenhouse conditions and not under usual field conditions. It has repeatedly been recommended to use the conditions of Good Agricultural Practice,8, 10, 12, 14, 15 including the recommended waiting periods after pesticide application that are of the order of weeks or months. It is in principle accepted that the amounts of free pesticide and soluble metabolites will decrease and ‘bound’ residues will increase over time.…”

Section: Amounts Of Bound and Unextractable Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present article summarizes existing knowledge and presents concepts for improvement with regard to the chemical nature of ‘bound’ and unextractable residues, and to the question of consumer exposure. Recent reviews covering various aspects of bound plant pesticidal residues10–13 and a useful short summary paper14 are available. The innovative aspect of the present review consists of (1) presentation of four defined linkage types, (2) first calculation of absolute bioavailability rates and (3) presentation of a comprehensive scheme for toxicological assessment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure

Sandermann

2004

Pest Management Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Plants are well known to incorporate pesticides into bound and unextractable residues that resist solubilization in common laboratory solvents and are therefore not accessible to standard residue analysis. A characterization of such residues has been proposed for incorporation rates above trigger values of 0.05 mg kg(-1) parent pesticide equivalents, or percentage values of 10% (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1995) or 25% (Commission of the European Communities, 1997) of the total radioactive residue. These trigger values are often exceeded. The present review describes the current status of the chemical characterization and animal bioavailability of bound and unextractable residues that may be xenobiotic in nature or result from natural recycling of simple degradation products. The latter case represents a mechanism of detoxification. Bound residues have been shown to be covalent or non-covalent in nature. With regard to the plant matrix molecules involved, incorporation into proteins, lignins, pectins, hemicelluloses and cutins has been demonstrated, and four covalent linkage types are known. Animal feeding experiments have revealed cases of low as well as high bioavailability. Many of the studies are limited by experimental uncertainties and by results only being reported as relative percentage values rather than absolute exposure. A preliminary value of absolute exposure from bound and unextractable residues is derived here for the first time from eight case studies. The mean exposure (ca 1.5 mg kg(-1) pesticidal equivalents) exceeds some of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) of residual free pesticides that are typically in the range of 0.05-1 mg kg(-1). A mathematical framework for the correction of current maximum residue levels is presented for cases of highly bioavailable bound residues. As bound pesticidal residues in food plants could represent a source of significant consumer exposure, an experimental test scheme is proposed here. It consists of basic chemical characterization, model digestibility tests and, in exceptional cases, animal bioavailability and additional toxicological studies.

show abstract

Section: Definition Of ‘Bound’ and Unextractable Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amounts Of Bound and Unextractable Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure

Sandermann

2004

Pest Management Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…& The dietary risk of herbicide and its metabolites cannot be assessed accurately if the residues remain strongly bound to the potato. Strong binding of 3-CA to potato is already reported (Skidmore et al 2002;Mohammed 2012). This further raises the seriousness of this toxin and its toxicological implications.…”

Section: Some Important Safety Issues and Environmental Concerns Relamentioning

confidence: 64%

Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

World over, potatoes are being stored at [8][9][10][11][12]. This is the most common way of long-term (up to 6 to 9 months) storage of potatoes. The benefit of storing the potatoes within the temperature range of 8-12°C is minimum accumulation of sugars in stored potato tubers. In sub-temperate, sub-tropical and tropical countries of the world, short-term (3 to 4 months) storage of potatoes is being done by non-refrigerated traditional/on-farm methods. These short-and long-term storage methods keep the stored potatoes suitable not only for table purpose but also for processing. However, once the natural dormancy period of potato is over, the prevailing temperatures in these storage methods favour sprouting and sprout growth. Therefore, use of some sprout suppressant to check the sprout growth becomes essential under these methods of potato storage. CIPC [Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] is the most wide spread and commonly used sprout suppressant on potatoes. CIPC has been in use for more than 50 years and research carried out over such a long period use of CIPC has not only enhanced our understanding of its properties and chemistry but also about the production and toxicological status of its metabolites/ degradation products. Today, various safety issues and concerns have surfaced primarily due to continuous and longterm use of CIPC. This review presents an appraisal on CIPC and explains the reasons for the long-time dependence on this chemical as a potato sprout suppressant. Issues like maximum residue limit and acceptable daily intake limit are being discussed for CIPC. This article brings an update on practical aspects of potato storage, residue levels of CIPC, efficacy of CIPC as sprout suppressant and health and environmental safety issues linked with CIPC and its metabolites. The aim of this article is to find possible solutions, way outs and future plans that can make the sprout suppression of potatoes safer and more risk free.

show abstract

“…Xenobiotic residues remaining in soil and plants even after exhaustive solvent extraction or digestion without significantly changing the nature of either the exocon or the associated endogenous macromolecules are termed "bound residues" (1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Cutin-Bound Residues of Chlorothalonil by Immunoassay

Jahn

Schwack

2001

J. Agric. Food Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine photochemically cutin-bound residues of chlorothalonil in enzymatically isolated tomato and apple fruit cuticles. The samples were spiked, irradiated, exhaustively extracted, and depolymerized with boron trifluoride complex resulting in a soluble depolymerisate. With this procedure, the ELISA could be calibrated with free target molecules for the quantification of originally bound chlorothalonil residues. In fruit cuticles that were irradiated for 8 h by simulated sunlight, 0.030 and 0.068 mg/g photoinduced cutin-bound residues of wax-free cuticles (calculated as chlorothalonil) were determined for tomatoes and apples, respectively. For the used antibody mAb chl. 4/11, cross-reactivities with derivatives of chlorothalonil simulating different types of cuticle-bound residues are given and discussed.

show abstract

Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure

Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure

Sprout suppression on potato: need to look beyond CIPC for more effective and safer alternatives

Determination of Cutin-Bound Residues of Chlorothalonil by Immunoassay

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About