Botulinum Toxin Complex: A Delivery Vehicle of Botulinum Neurotoxin Traveling Digestive Tract

Sagane, Yoshimasa; Inui, Ken Ichi; Miyashita, Shin-Ichiro; Miyata, Keita; Suzuki, Tomonori; Niwa, Koichi

doi:10.5772/46023

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Type B, C, and D strains produce the 12S and 16S PTCs—i.e., type B to D strains produce M-PTC (BoNT-NTNHA complex) and L-PTC (BoNT-NTNHA-HA complex). The 16S PTCs include BoNT, NTNH, H33, HA17, and HA70, while type A2, E, and F strains do not have the ha genes and produce only the 12S PTCs, a noncovalent complex of BoNT and NTNH—i.e., only M-PTC ( 68 ) (refer to Table 2 for details).…”

Section: Molecular Neurotoxin Complex Assembly Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With these results, the assembly pathway for mature L-PTC/A1 formation from individual subcomponents has been proposed to take the following order ( Fig. 3 ) (based on information inferred from references 65 and 68 ). (i) The association of 1 × BoNT and 1 × NTNHA yields the M-PTC, (ii) the assembly of the M-PTC and 3 × HA70 forms the intermediate M-PTC/HA70, and (iii) further conjugation with the [3(1 × HA17) + (2 × H33)] HA33/HA17 complex leads to the formation of mature L-PTC.…”

Section: Molecular Neurotoxin Complex Assembly Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to these toxin complexes, two HA-negative L-PTCs (610 and 680 kDa) found in serotype C and D strains suggest intermediate products in the pathway leading from the 490-kDa M-PTC/HA70 complex to mature 760-kDa L-PTC, which has a smaller number of HA33/HA17 complexes than mature L-PTC ( 68 ).…”

Section: Molecular Neurotoxin Complex Assembly Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Elements To Consider When Modeling the Hazards Associated with Botulinum Neurotoxin in Food

et al. 2016

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum are the most potent biological substances known to mankind. BoNTs are the agents responsible for botulism, a rare condition affecting the neuromuscular junction and causing a spectrum of diseases ranging from mild cranial nerve palsies to acute respiratory failure and death. BoNTs are a potential biowarfare threat and a public health hazard, since outbreaks of foodborne botulism are caused by the ingestion of preformed BoNTs in food. Currently, mathematical models relating to the hazards associated with C. botulinum, which are largely empirical, make major contributions to botulinum risk assessment. Evaluated using statistical techniques, these models simulate the response of the bacterium to environmental conditions. Though empirical models have been successfully incorporated into risk assessments to support food safety decision making, this process includes significant uncertainties so that relevant decision making is frequently conservative and inflexible. Progression involves encoding into the models cellular processes at a molecular level, especially the details of the genetic and molecular machinery. This addition drives the connection between biological mechanisms and botulism risk assessment and hazard management strategies. This review brings together elements currently described in the literature that will be useful in building quantitative models of C. botulinum neurotoxin production. Subsequently, it outlines how the established form of modeling could be extended to include these new elements. Ultimately, this can offer further contributions to risk assessments to support food safety decision making.

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Section: Molecular Neurotoxin Complex Assembly Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Neurotoxin Complex Assembly Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Elements To Consider When Modeling the Hazards Associated with Botulinum Neurotoxin in Food

et al. 2016

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“…The measured IgG antibodies in blood serum of animals are assumed to be antibodies resulting from the interaction with BoNTs, BoNTs complexes and progenitor toxins (PT) (Nakamura et al 2007, Fujinaga 2010 hence C. botulinum serotypes C and D possess five genes involved in the progenitor constituents and produce two types of PT, M-PT (a complex of BoNT and NTNHA) and L-PT (a complex of M-PT and HAs). The L-TP containing HA-33 component transport across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer is more effective than pure BoNTs (Fujinaga et al 1997, Inui et al 2010, Sagane et al 2012. Antagonistic bacteria (enterococci) are very important in preventing germination and proliferation of C. botulinum in the gastrointestinal tract inhibits 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme of the shikimate pathway in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa (Barry and Padgette 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is downer cow syndrome related to chronic botulism?

Rulff¹,

Schrödl²,

Basiouni³

et al. 2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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The present work was directed to investigate the relationship between Downer cow syndrome (DCS) and chronic botulism in dairy cattle. For this purpose, a total of 52 fresh calving downer cows and 206 apparently healthy cows at 14 dairy farms were investigated for Clostridium botulinum ABE and CD antibody levels, C. botulinum and botulinum neurotoxin in rumen fluids as well as in faeces. Results indicated that the downer cows had higher IgG titers for C. botulinum ABE and CD than the healthy cows. All tested rumen fluids were negative for BoNT and C. botulinum. BoNT/D, however, and C. botulinum type D spores were detected in faecal samples of healthy and downer cows in the selected farms. In conclusion, the presence of a significantly higher C. botulinum ABE and CD antibody levels in DCS cows than in the healthy animals suggests that chronic C. botulinum toxico-infection could be a predisposing factor for DCS.

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Botulinum Toxin Complex: A Delivery Vehicle of Botulinum Neurotoxin Traveling Digestive Tract

Cited by 2 publications

References 40 publications

New Elements To Consider When Modeling the Hazards Associated with Botulinum Neurotoxin in Food

New Elements To Consider When Modeling the Hazards Associated with Botulinum Neurotoxin in Food

Is downer cow syndrome related to chronic botulism?

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